18. Donald G. Dutton and Arthur P. Aron, “Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual Attraction Under Conditions of High Anxiety,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 30, no. 4 (1974): 510–17.
19. Fritz Strack et al., “Inhibiting and Facilitating Conditions of the Human Smile: A Nonobtrusive Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 5 (1988): 768–77, and Lawrence W. Barsalou et al., “Social Embodiment,” Psychology of Learning and Motivation 43 (2003): 43–92.
20. Peter Johansson et al., “Failure to Detect Mismatches Between Intention and Outcome in a Simple Decision Task,” Science 310 (October 7, 2005): 116–19.
21. Lars Hall et al., “Magic at the Marketplace: Choice Blindness for the Taste of Jam and the Smell of Tea,” Cognition 117, no. 1 (October 2010): 54–61.
22. Wendy M. Rahm et al., “Rationalization and Derivation Processes in Survey Studies of Political Candidate Evaluation,” American Journal of Political Science 38, no. 3 (August 1994): 582–600.
23. Joseph LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 32–33, and Michael Gazzaniga, “The Split Brain Revisited,” Scientific American 279, no. 1 (July 1998): 51–55.
24. Oliver Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 108–11.
25. J. Haidt, “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Taiclass="underline" A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,” Psychological Review 108, no. 4 (2001): 814–34.
26. Richard E. Nisbett and Timothy DeCamp Wilson, “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes,” Psychological Review 84, no. 3 (May 1977): 231–59.
27. Richard E. Nisbett and Timothy DeCamp Wilson, “Verbal Reports About Causal Influences on Social Judgments: Private Access Versus Public Theories,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35, no. 9 (September 1977): 613–24; see also Nisbett and Wilson, “Telling More Than We Can Know.”
28. E. Aronson et al., “The Effect of a Pratfall on Increasing Personal Attractiveness,” Psychonomic Science 4 (1966): 227–28, and M. J. Lerner, “Justice, Guilt, and Veridicial Perception,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 20 (1971): 127–35.
10. SELF
1. Robert Block, “Brown Portrays FEMA to Panel as Broken and Resource-Starved,” Wall Street Journal, September 28, 2005.
2. Dale Carnegie, How to Win Friends and Influence People (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1936), 3–5.
3. College Board, Student Descriptive Questionnaire (Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1976–77).
4. P. Cross, “Not Can but Will College Teaching Be Improved?” New Directions for Higher Education 17 (1977): 1–15.
5. O. Svenson, “Are We All Less Risky and More Skillful Than Our Fellow Driver?” Acta Psychologica 47 (1981): 143–48, and L. Larwood and W. Whittaker, “Managerial Myopia: Self-Serving Biases in Organizational Planning,” Journal of Applied Psychology 62 (1977): 194–98.
6. David Dunning et al., “Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5, no. 3 (2004): 69–106.
7. B. M Bass and F. J Yamarino, “Congruence of Self and Others’ Leadership Ratings of Naval Officers for Understanding Successful Performance,” Applied Psychology 40 (1991): 437–54.
8. Scott R. Millis et al., “Assessing Physicians’ Interpersonal Skills: Do Patients and Physicians See Eye-to-Eye?” American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 81, no. 12 (December 2002): 946–51, and Jocelyn Tracey et al., “The Validity of General Practitioners’ Self Assessment of Knowledge: Cross Sectional Study,” BMJ 315 (November 29, 1997): 1426–28.
9. Dunning et al., “Flawed Self-Assessment.”
10. A. C. Cooper et al., “Entrepreneurs’ Perceived Chances for Success,” Journal of Business Venturing 3 (1988): 97–108, and L. Larwood and W. Whittaker, “Managerial Myopia: Self-Serving Biases in Organizational Planning,” Journal of Applied Psychology 62 (1977): 194–98.
11. Dunning et al., “Flawed Self-Assessment,” and David Dunning, Self-Insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself (New York: Psychology Press, 2005), 6–9.
12. M. L. A. Hayward and D. C. Hambrick, “Explaining the Premiums Paid for Large Acquisitions: Evidence of CEO Hubris,” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1997): 103–27, and U. Malmendier and G. Tate, “Who Makes Acquisitions? A Test of the Overconfidence Hypothesis,” Stanford Research Paper 1798 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University, 2003).
13. T. Odean, “Volume, Volatility, Price, and Profit When All Traders Are Above Average,” Journal of Finance 8 (1998): 1887–934. For Schiller’s survey, see Robert J. Schiller, Irrational Exuberance (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), 154–55.
14. E. Pronin et al., “The Bias Blind Spot: Perception of Bias in Self Versus Others,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (2002): 369–81; Emily Pronin, “Perception and Misperception of Bias in Human Judgment,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11, no. 1 (2006): 37–43, and J. Friedrich, “On Seeing Oneself as Less Self-Serving Than Others: The Ultimate Self-Serving Bias?” Teaching of Psychology 23 (1996): 107–9.
15. Vaughan Bell et al., “Beliefs About Delusions,” Psychologist 16, no. 8 (August 2003): 418–23, and Vaughan Bell, “Jesus, Jesus, Jesus,” Slate (May 26, 2010).
16. Dan P. McAdams, “Personal Narratives and the Life Story,” in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, ed. Oliver John et al. (New York: Guilford, 2008), 242–62.
17. F. Heider, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (New York: Wiley, 1958).
18. Robert E. Knox and James A. Inkster, “Postdecision Dissonance at Post Time,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8, no. 4 (1968): 319–23, and Edward E. Lawler III et al., “Job Choice and Post Decision Dissonance,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 13 (1975): 133–45.
19. Ziva Kunda, “The Case for Motivated Reasoning,” Psychological Bulletin 108, no. 3 (1990): 480–98; see also David Dunning, “Self-Image Motives and Consumer Behavior: How Sacrosanct Self-Beliefs Sway Preferences in the Marketplace,” Journal of Consumer Psychology 17, no. 4 (2007): 237–49.
20. Emily Balcetis and David Dunning, “See What You Want To See: Motivational Influences on Visual Perception,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, no. 4 (2006): 612–25.
21. To be certain they weren’t actually seeing both animals, the researchers also employed an eye-tracking system capable of identifying, from unconscious eye movements, how the subjects really were interpreting the figure.
22. Albert H. Hastorf and Hadley Cantril, “They Saw a Game: A Case Study,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49 (1954): 129–34.