13. “Zapiski astronoma Ivana Bernulli o poezdke ego v Rossiiu v 1777 godu,” Russkii arkhiv, no. 1 (1902), 11–12.
14. See E. Amburger, Ingermanland: Eine junge Provinz Rußlands im Wirkungsbereich der Residenz und Weltstadt St. Petersburg–Leningrad, 2 vols. (Cologne, 1980), 1:547–48. These entertainments ended in 1811, when Stroganov died.
15. See M. Floryan, Gardens of the Tsars: A Study of the Aesthetics, Semantics, and Uses of Late Eighteenth-Century Russian Gardens (Aarhus, 1996), 34 (on Catherine’s taste for all things English) and 142–49 (on the new approach, dating from the 1770s, to horticulture as a practical hobby or even business). On anglophilia in garden design, see also A. Cross, “By the Banks of the Neva”: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, 1997), 266–85, and P. Roosevelt, Life on the Russian Country Estate: A Social and Cultural History (New Haven, 1995), chap. 3. In the early nineteenth century, moreover, growing numbers of Russian noblemen were choosing to spend time on their estates and cultivating the lifestyle of the English gentry (Roosevelt 98). On changing models of estate life, see O. S. Evangulova, “Gorod i usad’ba vtoroi poloviny XVIII v. v soznanii sovremennikov,” Russkii gorod 7 (1984): 172–88.
16. G. R. Derzhavin, “Pikniki” (1776), in his Stikhotvoreniia (Leningrad, 1957), 79.
17. F. F. Vigel’, Zapiski, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1928), 1:98, 211.
18. See Amburger, Ingermanland, 1:473.
19. Stolpianskii, Peter gofskaia pershpektiva, 21–22.
20. P. Svin’in, quoted in S. Gorbatenko, “Rastsvet Petergofskoi dorogi,” Leningradskaia panorama, no. 7 (1989), 40.
21. SPb ved, 24 Feb. 1769, suppl., 3. The turnover of ownership on the Peterhof Road at a later period is reflected in a complaint of 1824 by a civil servant’s widow, Elizaveta L’vova, regarding the use of water from the Ligovskii canal. L’vova noted that her plot had been left without an adequate water supply after the redrawing of dacha boundaries (her dacha was located between the larger landholdings of Baron Rall, who had accumulated several plots. and Krasnyi Kabachok), and that she did not have the resources to have a pipe laid herself; she therefore appealed for Rall’s water supply to be diverted to her plot (see RGIA, f. 206, op. 1, d. 562, l. 1). A comparison of lists of dacha residents on the Peterhof Road for 1779 and 1838 (presented in Amburger, Ingermanland, 2:924–31) makes clear the shift from primarily noble to more socially diverse patterns of residency.
22. SPb ved, 17 Mar. 1780, 272.
23. This shift in meaning is reflected in Slovar’ russkogo iazyka XVIII veka (Leningrad. 1984–), which gives “recreational house out of town” as a new meaning for “dacha” that appeared at the end of the eighteenth century.
24. These developments are hinted at in I. G. Georgi, Opisanie rossiisko-imperatorskogo stolichnogo goroda Sankt-Peterburga i dostopamiatnostei v okrestnostiakh onogo, s planom (1794; St. Petersburg, 1996), 454–58. Georgi notes, for example, that outings in carriages and on horseback were not restricted to young men, but were also enjoyed by “ladies of the first classes and of the middle estate” (457).
25. For a much more elaborate treatment of these ideas, see G. Kaganov, Images of Space: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts (Stanford. 1997).
26. See G. N. Komelova, G. A. Printseva, and I. G. Kotel’nikova, eds., Peterburg v proizvedeniiakh Patersena (Moscow, 1978). For works by other artists (for example, Semen and Sil’vestr Shchedrin) that continue the trends I have identified in Paterssen’s oeuvre, see G. Grimm and L. Kashkarova, Peterburg—Petrograd—Leningrad v proizvedeniiakh khudozhnikov (Moscow, 1958), and A. M. Gordin, Pushkinskii Peterburg (Leningrad, 1974).
27. Vigel’, Zapiski, 1:148, 180.
28. Quoted in V. N. Toporov, “Aptekarskii ostrov kak gorodskoe urochishche,” in Noosfera i khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo (Moscow, 1991), 248n.
29. V.A. Vitiazeva, Nevskie ostrova (Leningrad, 1986). See also P. N. Stolpianskii, Staryi Peterburg: Aptekarskii, Petrovskii, Krestovskii ostrova (Petrograd, 1916), 47–52. Georgi (Opisanie, 455) wrote ten years earlier of the number of entertainments available on Krestovskii and noted that city dwellers sometimes rented houses for several weeks over the summer in the village on the island.
30. Vospominaniia Iuriia Arnol’da, 3 vols. (Moscow, 1892–93), 2:56–57.
31. The Free Economic Society (Vol’no-Ekonomicheskoe Obshchestvo) was a major scientific institution founded in 1765 with the aim of conducting research in agronomy.
32. Stolpianskii, Star yi Peterburg, 41–45, 1–24.
33. SPb ved, 17 Apr. 1789, 465.
34. D. N. Sverbeev, Zapiski (1799–1826), 2 vols. (Moscow, 1899), 1:283. Alexander I was indeed apt to wander through the island: see the anecdote recalled in P.A. Viazemskii, Staraia zapisnaia knizhka (Leningrad, 1929), 204.
35. On the island’s various dachas and their owners in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see V. A. Vitiazeva, Kamennyi ostrov (Leningrad, 1991), 112–220.
36. S. L. Abramovich, Pushkin: Poslednii god (Moscow, 1991).
37. A. I. Del’vig, Polveka russkoi zhizni: Vospominaniia A.I. Del’viga, 1820–1870 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1930), 148.
38. A. M. Gordin and M. A. Gordin, Pushkinskii vek: Panorama stolichnoi zhizni (St. Petersburg, 1995), 355–60. Nor was this exceptional by the standards of the time: a visitor from Riga left a description of a similarly spacious island residence, opposite Kamennyi on Aptekarskii, occupied by the director of the Postal Department, Konstantin Bulgakov. See V. V. Lents, “Prikliucheniia Lifliandtsa v Peterburge,” Russkii arkhiv, no. 4 (1878), 451.
39. On the conventions of the 1820S, see N. Cornwell, ed., The Society Tale in Russian Literature: From Odoevskii to Tolstoi (Amsterdam, 1998). This volume follows much previous scholarship in linking the society tale to a new emphasis in Russian literature on observation and analysis (as opposed to imagination and invention).
40. An influence attested by G. K. Lukomskii in his Pamiatniki starinnoi arkhitektury Rossii (Petrograd, 1916), 388.
41. “Posledniaia staraia dacha na Kamennom ostrove,” Starye gody, July–September 1910, 181–85.
42. See PSz, ser. 2, 8, no. 6660 (22 Dec. 1833). The first move in this direction had occurred in 1828, when police jurisdiction had been extended to the settlements (slobody) on the Okhta; an exception, however, had been made for dachas in this vicinity, as it was considered inequitable to subject dacha owners there to a property tax, given that, being rather thinly spread, they had relatively little need of the police, and also that dacha owners in other areas were not taxed (see PSz, ser. 2, 3, no. 2054 [25 May 1828]).