CHAPTER THREE
8
John Stuart Mill (1848)
The Principles of Political Economy
, reissued as
Principles of Political Economy and Chapters on Socialism
(2008), Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford. See book V, chapter 17, section 3.
9
Mark S. Granovetter (1973) ‘The Strength of Weak Ties’,
American Journal of Sociology
78 (6) (May), pages 1360–80.
10
The quotations in this paragraph are taken from Granovetter’s second major paper on weak ties: Mark Granovetter (1983) ‘The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited’,
Sociological Theory
1, pages 201–33; all quotations from page 202.
11
Mark S. Granovetter (1973) ‘The Strength of Weak Ties’,
American Journal of Sociology
78 (6) (May), page 1366.
12
Mark Granovetter (1974, 1995)
Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers
(2nd edition), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, page 22.
13
Granovetter (1973), op. cit., pages 1371–2.
14
Quoted in Emanuel Rosen (2000)
The Anatomy of Buzz: Creating Word of Mouth Marketing
, HarperCollins, London, page 73.
15
Gary Fine and Sherryl Kleinman (1981) ‘Rethinking Subculture: An Interactionist Analysis’,
American Journal of Sociology
85 (1), pages 1–20. Quotation from page 9.
16
Gabriel Weimann (1980) ‘Conversation Networks as Communication Networks’, abstract of Ph.D. dissertation, University of Haifa, Israel.
17
Rose Coser (1975) ‘The Complexity of Roles as a Seedbed of Individual Autonomy’, in L. Coser (editor)
The Idea of Social Structure
:
Essays in Honor of Robert Merton
, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York. Quotations from pages 241–2, 256–8.
18
For example, a 1978 study in the Tri-City area of the eastern United States replicated Milgram’s small-world experiments but paid particular attention to whether booklets reached their target more easily through strong or weak links. The researchers found that ‘participants in the successful chains tended to utilize fewer strong links…[Those who reached the targets] dramatically showed that they had weak links with the targets.’ See Nan Lin, Paul Dayton and Peter Greenwald (1978) ‘Analyzing the Instrumental Use of Relations in the Context of Social Structure’,
Sociological Methods and Research
7 (2), pages 149–66. The same conclusion was reached in Duncan Watts’ email experiment: ‘successful chains in comparison with incomplete chains disproportionately involved professional [weak] ties rather than friendship and familial relationships’ (Dodds
et al
., op. cit., page 163).
19
E. O. Wilson (2002)
The Future of Life
, Knopf, New York.
20
D. J. Watts and S. H. Strogatz (1998) ‘Collective dynamics of “small-world” networks’,
Nature
393, pages 440–2. See also Duncan J. Watts (1999)
Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order and Randomness,
Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ. The best short explanation of the Watts/Strogatz model is in Mark Buchanan (2002)
Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks
, W. W. Norton, New York, pages 51–5.
21
Note that connecting 1000 points in a circle to each of the 10 neighbouring points, 5 to the left and 5 to the right, does not result in 10,000 links, but only 5,000. This is because each link serves as two connections–from point A to point B, and from point B to point A. As a simple proof imagine a circle of ten points with each point connected to its two immediate neighbours. The number of connections needed is not 10 points × 2 neighbours. Only 10 connections are needed to achieve this.
CHAPTER FOUR
22
Milgram (1967), op. cit., page 66.
23
Malcolm Gladwell, ‘Six Degrees of Lois Weisberg’,
New Yorker
, 11 January 1999.
24
Alan Zakon (1992) ‘Remembrances of Bruce Doolin Henderson’, unpublished memorial service document at the Memorial Church, Harvard University, 11 December. Dr Zakon went on to become chief executive and chairman of BCG. Later comments by Seymour Tilles, George Stalk and John Clarkeson were made at the same service.
25
Thomas Schelling (1978)
Micromotives and Macrobehavior
, W. W. Norton, New York.
26
I’ve found it easiest to use a chessboard and two packs of cards to conduct the random scrambling. Take sixty-four of the cards, ignore what’s printed on them, and write in the position on the chessboard that each card represents (for example 3, 1 for the third row and first column). Shuffle the sixty-four cards. Deal twenty of them at random. These represent the twenty chess pieces to be taken off the board. Shuffle these twenty cards and deal five of them. Replace five of the twenty chess men, picked at random, on to the spaces represented by the five cards. Repeat the whole process as many times as necessary to convince yourself that Schelling’s pattern of segregation from integration is typical.
CHAPTER FIVE
27
Paul Seabright, ‘Darwin and the Terrible Games of Homo Sapiens’,
Financial Times
, 2 January 2009.
28
Robert Alexrod (1984)
The Evolution of Cooperation
, Basic Books, New York, chapter 4.
29
Richard D. Horan, Erwin Bulte and Jason F. Shogren (2005) ‘How Trade Saved Humanity from Biological Exclusion: An Economic Theory of Neanderthal Extinction’,
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation
58 (1) (September), pages 1–29.
30
Interview by Steve Paulson, ‘Proud Atheists’, 15 October 2007, www.salon.com.
31
Daniel Goleman (2007)
Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships
, Bloomsbury, London.
32
Broadcast for WLS Radio, a Chicago station.
33
Daniel Goleman (2007) op. cit., page 49.
34
Barry Schwartz (2004)
The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less
, HarperCollins, New York.
35
‘Japan’s Killer Work Ethic’,
Wall Street Journal
, 8 June 2008.
36
Thomas J. Johnson (2004) ‘The Rehabilitation of Richard Nixon’, in Harry P. Jeffrey and Thomas Maxwell-Long (editors)
Watergate and the Resignation of Richard Nixon: Impact of a Constitutional Crisis
, CQ Press, Washington, DC.
37
Stanley Milgram (1974)
Obedience to Authority
, HarperCollins, New York.
38
Jut Meininger (1973)
Success through Transactional Analysis
, Signet, New York, pages 127–8.
39
In 2009, Microsoft sold Razorfish to giant advertising agency Publicis in exchange for a 3 per cent share in the latter.