49.
J. Haidt, F. Bjorkland, and S. Murphy, ‘Moral Dumbfounding: When Intuitions Finds No Reason’, unpublished study (10 August, 2000).
50.
‘Clarke’s third law’, in A. C. Clarke, Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible (Harper & Row, 1962).
51.
M. Mead, ‘An Investigation of the Thought of Primitive Children with Special Reference to Animism’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 62 (1932): 173–90.
52.
G. Bennett, Traditions of Belief: Women, Folklore, and the Supernatural Today (Pelican Books, 1987).
53.
J. Pole, N. Berenson, D. Sass, D. Young, and T. Blass, ‘Walking Under a Ladder: A Field Experiment on Superstitious Behaviour’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1 (1974): 10–12.
54.
J. M. Bering, ‘The Folk Psychology of Souls,’ Behavioural and Brain Sciences 29 (2006): 453–98.
55.
Johnson and Harris, ‘Magic: Special but Not Excluded’, British Journal of Developmental Psychology 12 (1994): 35–51
56.
E. V. Subbotsky, ‘Early Rationality and Magical Thinking in Preschoolers: Space and Time’, British Journal of Developmental Psychology 12 (1994): 97–108.
57.
I. Opie and P. Opie, The Lore and Language of School Children (Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 210.
58.
N. Humphrey, Consciousness Regained (Oxford University Press, 1984).
CHAPTER FIVE
1.
S. Baron-Cohen, The Essential Difference: The Truth About the Male and Female Brain (Basic Books, 2005).
2.
D. J. Povinelli and T. J. Eddy, ‘What Young Chimpanzees Know About Seeing’, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 61, no. 2, serial no. 247 (1996).
3.
K. Lorenz, ‘Part and Parcel in Animal and Human Societies’, in Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour, vol. 2, edited by K. Lorenz (Harvard University Press, 1971).
4.
S. Goldberg, S. L. Blumberg, and A. Kriger, ‘Menarche and Interest in Infants: Biological and Social Influences’, Child Development 53 (1982): 1544–50.
5.
M. H. Johnson, S. Dziurawiec, H. Ellis, and J. Morton, ‘Newborns’ Preferential Tracking for Face-like Stimuli and Its Subsequent Decline’, Cognition 40 (1991): 1–19.
6.
M. H. Johnson, ‘Imprinting and the Development of Face Recognition: From Chick to Man’, Current Directions in Psychological Science 1 (1992): 52–5.
7.
N. Kanwisher, J. McDermott, and M. Chun, ‘The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for the Perception of Faces’, Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997): 4302–11. Actually, there is now some dispute whether the area is specific to faces or any special category of well-known objects. Given that faces are the most common diverse objects we encounter, this suggests that the area probably evolved primarily for faces.
8.
O. Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (Pan Books, 1998).
9.
J. R. Harding, ‘The Case of the Haunted Scrotum’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89 (1996): 600.
10.
S. Guthrie, Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion (Oxford University Press, 1993).
11.
‘“Virgin Mary” Toast Fetches $28,000’, BBC News, 23 November, 2004, available at: http:// news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/hi/world/ americas/4034787.stm. ‘Woman Sees Face of Jesus in Ultrasound Photo’, WKYC.com, 11 April, 2005, available at: http:// www.wkyc.com/ news/news_fullstory.asp ?id=33156.
12.
Z. Wang and W. Z. Aragona, ‘Neurochemical Regulation of Pair Bonding in Male Prairie Voles’, Physiology and Behaviour 83 (2004): 319–28.
13.
G. Johansson, ‘Visual Perception of Biological Motion and a Model for Its Analysis’, Perception and Psychophysics 14 (1973): 201–11.
14.
B. I. Bertenthal, ‘Perception of Biomechanical Motions by Infants: Intrinsic Image and Knowledge-Based Constraints’, in Carnegie Symposium on Cognition: Visual Perception and Cognition in Infancy, edited by C. Granrud (Erlbaum, 1993).
15.
S. Johnson, V. Slaughter, and S. Carey, ‘Whose Gaze Will Infants Follow? The Elicitation of Gaze-Following in Twelve-Month-Olds’, Developmental Science 1 (1998): 233–8.
16.
This example comes from A. N. Meltzoff and R. Brooks, ‘Eyes Wide Shut: The Importance of Eyes in Infant Gaze Following and Understanding Other Minds’, in Gaze Following: Its Development and Significance, edited by R. Flom, K. Lee, and D. Muir (Erlbaum, 2007).
17.
B. M. Hood, J. D. Willen, and J. Driver, ‘Adults’ Eyes Trigger Shifts of Visual Attention in Human Infants’, Psychological Science 9 (1998): 131–4.
18.
A newborn’s acuity is about one-twentieth of an adult’s and would constitute a level of legal blindness.
19.
T. Farroni, G. Csibra, F. Simion, and M. H. Johnson, ‘Eye Contact Detection in Humans from Birth’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (2002): 9602–5.
20.
S. M. J. Hains and D. W. Muir, ‘Effects of Stimulus Contingency in Infant– Adult Interactions’, Infant Behaviour and Development 19 (1996): 49–61.
21.
M. Scaife and J. Bruner, ‘The Capacity for Joint Visual Attention in the Infant’, Nature 253 (1975): 265–6.
22.
Danny Povinelli believes not. See Povinelli and Eddy, ‘What Young Chimpanzees Know About Seeing’ (see Note 2).
23.
Barbara Smuts, ‘What Are Friends For?’, Natural History (American Museum of Natural History) (1987): 36–44.
24.
V. Kuhlmeier, K. Wynn, and P. Bloom, ‘Attribution of Dispositional States by Twelve-Month-Olds’, Psychological Science 14 (2003): 402–8.
25.
J. K. Hamlin, K. Wynn, and P. Bloom, ‘Social Evaluation by Preverbal Infants’, Nature 450 (2007): 557–9.
26.
D. C. Dennett, ‘Intentional Systems’, Journal of Philosophy 68 (1971): 87–106.
27.
D. C. Dennett, Breaking the Spelclass="underline" Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (Penguin Allen Lane, 2006).
28.
P. Bloom, Descartes’ Baby (Basic Books, 2004).
29.
B. Libet, ‘Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will on Voluntary Action’, The Behavioural and Brain Sciences 8 (1985): 529–66.
30.
S. Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (Viking Adult, 2002), p. 43.
31.
Descartes came to this conclusion because the pineal gland seemed to be one of the only structures in the brain that was not duplicated or organized in two halves. In fact, it is.
32.
V. A. Ramachandran and S. Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (William Morrow, 1998).
33.
D. M. Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will (MIT Press, 2002).
34.
C. N. Johnson and H. M. Wellman, ‘Children’s Developing Conceptions of the Mind and Brain’, Child Development 53 (1982): 222–34.
35.
Robocop, directed by Paul Verhoeven (Orion Pictures, 1987).
36.
Blade Runner, directed by Ridley Scott (Blade Runner Productions, 1982).
37.
L. J. Rips, S. Blok, and G. Newman, ‘Tracing the Identity of Objects’, Psychological Review 113 (2006): 1–30.
38.
V. Slaughter, ‘Young Children’s Understanding of Death’, Australian Psychologist 40 (2005): 179–86.
39.
J. M. Bering and D. F. Bjorkland, ‘The Natural Emergence of Reasoning About the Afterlife as a Developmental Regularity’, Developmental Psychology 40 (2004): 217–33.
40.
J. M. Bering. ‘Intuitive Conceptions of Dead Agents’ Minds: The Natural Foundations of Afterlife Beliefs as Phenomenological Boundary’, Journal of Cognition and Culture 2 (2002): 263–308.
41.
V. Slaughter and M. Lyons, ‘Learning About Life and Death in Early Childhood’, Cognitive Psychology 46 (2002), 1–30.
42.
J. M. Bering, C. Hernández-Blasi, and D. F. Bjorkland, ‘The Development of ‘Afterlife’ Beliefs in Secularly and Religiously Schooled Children’, British Journal of Developmental Psychology 23 (2005): 587–607.
43.
J. M. Bering, ‘The Folk Psychology of Souls’, The Behavioural and Brain Sciences 29 (2006): 453–98.