3Jack Dukes’ article, “Militarism and Arms Policy Revisited: The Origins of the German Army Law of 1913” in Another Germany: A Reconsideration of the Imperial Era, ed. J. R. Dukes, J. Remak (Boulder, Colo., 1987), 19–39, is an introduction to a major work in progress on the military bill. Michael Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860–1980 (Frankfurt, 1984), 83 ff., highlights the quantity versus quality issue. For the debates on the bill itself see Stig Förster, Der doppelte Militärismus. Die deutsche Heeresrüstungspolitik zwischen Status-Quo-Sicherung und Aggression 1890–1913 (Stuttgart, 1983), 274 ff.; Helmut Altrichter, Konstitutionalismus und Imperialisms. Der Reichstag und die deutsch-russischen Beziehungen 1890–1914 (Frankfurt, 1977), 68 ff. The mobilization of public opinion is presented in Roger Chickering, “Der ‘Deutsche Wehrverein’ und die Reform der deutschen Armee 1912–1914,” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilung XXV (1979), 7–33. The Socialist position is evaluated in Dieter Groh, Negative Integration und revolutionarer Attentismus: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie am vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges (Frankfurt, 1973); Bernstein’s and Eisner’s reactions are described in Roger Fletcher, Revisionism and Empire. Socialist Imperialism in Germany 1897–1914 (London, 1984), 116, 148.
4Cf. G. A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment. Government and Duma, 1906–1914 (Oxford, 1973); A. Levin, The Third Duma. Election and Profile (Hamden, Conn., 1973); and D. R. Costello, “Prime Minister Kokovtsov and the Duma: A Study in the Disintegration of the Tsarist Regime, 1911–1914” (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1970).
5France, Ministére des Affaires Étrangéres, Documents Diplomatiques Français (1871–1914), 41 vols. (Paris, 1929–59), 3rd Series, VIII, Nr. 79 (hereafter cited as DDF); Louis Garros, “En Marge de l’Alliance Franco-Russe, 1902–1914,” Revue Historique de l’Armee VI (June, 1950), 40.
6For the attenuation of Russia’s Balkan position after 1912 cf. Andrew Rossos, Russia and the Balkans: Inter-Balkan Rivalries and Russian Foreign Policy, 1908–1914 (Toronto, 1981); and more specifically Henryk Batowski, “The Failure of the Balkan Alliance of 1912,” Balkan Studies VII (1966), 111–122; and L. A. Pejković, “La Serbie et les rapports entre les Puissances de l’Entente (1908–1913),” ibid., VI (1965), 305–344.
7Scharfenberg to Bethmann, Jan. 30, 1914, Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Serbien 17/8 (hereafter cited as PAAA).
8The role of Serbia’s journalists is detailed in Dragon Gasić, “Die Presse Serbiens 1903–1914 und Österreich-Ungarn” (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Vienna, 1971).
9Alan Badger, “Russia and the End of the Ottoman Empire,” in The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, ed. M. Kent (London, 1984), 76–110, is a useful survey of Russia’s Turkish policies despite a tendency to exaggerate Russia’s harmlessness. M. Hiller, “Die politischen, militärischen und wirtschaftlichen Interessen Russlands im Nahen und Mittleren Osten 1905–1914” (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Tubingen, 1978), is better balanced and more comprehensive.
10Pourtales to Bethmann, Dec. 4, Dec. 12, 1913, PAAA, Deutschland 131/35; O’Bierne to Grey, Dec. 9, 1913; and O’Bierne to Nicholson, Dec. 11, 1913, British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914, ed. G. P. Gooch, H. W. V. Temperley, 11 vols. (London, 1926–38), X, Nrs. 413, 418 (hereafter cited as BD).
11“Bompard to Pichón, Nov. 19, 29, 30, 1913, DDF 3rd Series, VIII, Nrs. 500, 550, 554; O’Bierne to Grey, Dec. 18, 1913; Buchanan to Grey, Dec. 19, 1913, in BD X, 1, Nrs. 412, 440.
12The protocol is in M. N. Pokrovsky, Drei Konferenzen. Zur Vorgeschichte des Krieges (Berlin, 1920), 32 ff. Bethmann had presented Germany’s position in detail during Kokovtsov’s visit to Berlin in Nov. Memoranda of Nov. 18 and Nov. 19, 1913; Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette, 1871–1914, ed. J. Lipsius, A. Mendelsohn-Bartholdy, F. Thimme, 40 vols. (Berlin, 1922–27), XXXVIII, Nrs. 15 450, 15 451 (hereafter cited as GP).
13Andreas Hillgruber, Germany and the Two World Wars, tr. W. C. Kirby (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 20–21; and Fritz Fischer, “Weltpolitik, Weltmachtstreben und deutsche Kriegsziele,” Historische Zeitschrift 199 (1964), 265–346.
14Wangenheim to Bethmann, PAAA, Orientalia Generalia 5/17. Jehuda Wallach, Anatomie einer Militärhilfe. Die preussisch-deutsche Militärmissionen in der Türkei 1835–1919 (Düsseldorf, 1976), 136 ff., show Liman’s shortcomings as a diplomat in uniform. Ulrich Trumpener, “Germany and the End of the Ottoman Empire,” in Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 117–140; and H. S. W. Corrigan, “German-Turkish Relations and the Outbreak of War in 1914: A Reassessment,” Past and Present xxxvi (1967) 144–152, establish Turkey’s essential independence from Germany in 1914. David B. King, “Marschall von Biberstein and the New Course” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1962) describes the positive role of the German ambassador in furthering his country’s Turkish policies. Charles D. Sullivan, “Stamboul Crossings: German Diplomacy in Turkey, 1908 to 1914” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 1977); and Wilhelm van Kampen, “Studien zur deutschen Türkeipolitik in der Zeit Wilhelms II” (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kiel, 1968), put the Reich’s Ottoman frustrations in a broader context. Both stress the absence of a comprehensive, coherent German policy towards Turkey.
15Engellbrecht to Bethmann, Jan. 3, 1914; Tiflis consulate to Bethmann, Apr. 8, 1914, PAAA, Russland 72/96; Cf. Roderic H. Davidson, “The Armenian Crisis, 1912–1914,” American Historical Review LIII (1948), 481–505. I. Klein, “The Anglo-Russian Convention and the Problem of Central Asia, 1907–1914,” Journal of British Studies XI (1971), 126–147; and Keith M. Wilson, “Imperial Interests in the British Decision for War: The Defence of India in Central Asia,” Review of International Studies IX (1984), 189–203.
16D. C. B. Lieven, Russia and the Origins of the First World War (New York, 1983), 47.
17Pourtalès to Bethmann, Feb. 25, 1914, PAAA, Deutschland 131/35; and Mar. 21, 1914, PAAA, Deutschland 131/36; report of the conversation between S. Lienow, editor of the Grenzboten, and Sazonov on Apr. 8, 1914, PAAA, Deutschland 131/36.
18For Austro-German tension at this period, see Dörte Löding, Deutschlands und Oesterreich-Ungarns Balkanpolitik von 1912 bis 1914 under besonderer Berücksi-chtigung ihrer Wirtschaftsinteresse (Hamburg, 1969), which includes an excellent bibliography. Cf. also Willibald Gutsche, “Mitteleuropaplanung in der Aussenpolitik des deutschen Imperialismus vor 1918,” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft XX (1972), 533–549; F. R. Bridge, “Tarde venietibus ossa: Austro-Hungarian Colonial Aspirations in Asia Minor,” Middle Eastern Studies IX (1970), 319–330, and Andrej Mitrovic, “Germany’s Attitude toward the Balkans, 1912–1914,” in East Central European Society and the Balkan Wars, ed. B. Kiraly, D. Djordievic (New York, 1987), 295–316.