40D. W. Spring, “Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance, 1905–1914: Dependence or Interdependence?” Slavonic and East European Review LXVI (1988), 564–592; and the older account by Donald R. Mathieu, “The Role of Russia in French Foreign Policy, 1908–1914” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1968), highlight the growing importance to France of the Russian connection.
41Jean Savant, Épopée russe. Campagne de l’Armée Rennenkampf en Prusse-Orientale (Paris, 1945), 174; Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (New York, 1975), 55–56.
42In the event, the Russians faced no significant hostile action in their rear until policies of repression generated such response. Daniel Graf, “The Reign of the Generals: Military Government in Western Russia, 1914–1915” (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nebraska, 1972), passim.
43Yanushkevitch’s Instruction of Aug. 10 to Northwest Front and Zhilinski’s of Aug. 13 to the 1st and 2nd Armies are translated in Edmund Ironside, Tannenberg, 42 ff. See also the summary in Yuri Danilov, Russland im Weltkrieg, tr. R. v. Campenhausen (Jena, 1925), 194 ff. Dean W. Lambert, “The Deterioration of the Imperial Russian Army in the First World War, August 1914-March 1917” (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1975), is useful for its pedestrian, common-sense approach to the question of the army’s fighting power.
44For German evaluations of the Russian command see Eggeling to war ministry, Feb. 2, 1914, in PAAA, Russland 72, Nr. 96; and BA-MA, Nachlass Below, N 87/45, 602. Cf. Snyder, Offensive, 179 passim. Savant, Épopée russe, 94 ff., is a laudatory description of Rennenkampf’s prewar career.
45Max Hoffmann, War of Lost Opportunities in War Diaries and Other Papers, 2 vols., M. E. Sutton (London, 1929), II, 40–41; Savant, Épopée russe, 261 ff.
46Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, Vol. I, tr. F. A. Holt (London, 1923), 71.
47For an extreme statement of the balance thesis of staff and command assignments see Stone, Eastern Front, 18 passim; von Wahlde, “Military Thought in Imperial Russia,” 182 ff., offers a more judicious interpretation.
48aJeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read. Literacy and Popular Literature 1861–1917 (Princeton, N.J., 1985), 18 ff.; John S. Brown, Draftee Division. The 88th Infantry Division in World War II (Lexington, Ky., 1986), 13 ff.
49Cf. N. N. Golovine, The Russian Campaign of 1914, tr. A. G. S. Muntz (Ft. Leavenworth, Kans., 1933), 101 passim; and The Russian Army in the World War (New Haven, Conn., 1931); with most recently Stone, Eastern Front.
50Gempp, “Nachrichtendienst” II, 2, 223.
51Yanushkevich to Zhilinski, Aug. 7 and Aug. 10, 1914, in Sbornik dokumentov mirovqy vqyni na russkom fronte. Manevrenni period 1914 goda: Vostochvo-Prusskaya operasya, ed. Generalny Shtab RKKA (Moscow, 1939), 81, 85–86; and the general accounts in Danilov, Russland, 194–195; Golovine, 1914, 93 ff.; and Savant, Épopée russe, 150–151, 165 ff.
5. TAKING THE MEASURE OF DANGER
1Familiar evaluation of Prittwitz include Max Hoffmann, War of Lost Opportunities, in War Diaries and Other Papers, 2 vols., tr. E. Sutton (London, 1929), I, 21; E. Kabisch, Streitfragen des Weltkrieges 1914–1918 (Stuttgart, 1924), 65; and Walter Elze, Tannenberg. Das Deutsche Heer von 1914 (Breslau, 1928), 93.
2Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Nachlass Below, NL 87/45, 684.
3Hoffmann, War of Lost Opportunities, 22; Walter Goerlitz, Hindenburg: Ein Lebensbild (Bonn, 1953), 55.
4There is a brief survey of his career in Holger Herwig and Neil Heyman, Biographical Dictionary of World War I (Westport, Conn., 1987), 188–189.
5A familiar example from the western front is von Kluck’s negative reaction to the “Hentsch mission.” Alexander von Kluck, The March on Paris and the Battle of the Marne 1914 (London, 1920), 137 ff.
6Cf. Germany, Reichsarchiv, Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918, Vol. II (Berlin, 1925), 46ff.; and Hermann von François, Marneschlacht und Tannenberg (Berlin, 1920), 130–131.
7Reichsarchiv to Tappen, July 4, 1921, BA-MA, Nachlass Tappen, NL 56/2; Weltkrieg II, 45.
8Quoted in “Besass Deutschland 1914 einen Kriegsplan?” Ludwig Beck, Studien, ed. H. Speidel (Stuttgart, 1955), 102.
9Norman Stone, “Austria-Hungary,” in Knowing One’s Enemies. Intelligence Assessment Before the Two World Wars, ed. E. R. May (Princeton, 1984), 49–50. Robert Asprey, The Panther’s Feast (New York, 1959), is a sultry popular narrative of the Redi affair with a reasonable archival basis.
10Interwar descriptions of Austria’s plan include Rudolf Kiszling, “Feldmarschall Konrads Kriegsplan gegen Russland,” Militärwissenschaftliche und technische Mitteilungen (1925), 469–475; Max Freiherr von Petreich, 1914: Die militärischen Probleme unseres Kriegsbeginnes (Vienna, 1934); and Josef Metzger, “Der Krieg 1914 gegen Russland,” in Der Grosse Krieg, ed. M. Schwarte, Vol. V (Leipzig, 1922), 22–53. Graydon A. Tunstall, “The Schlieffen Plan: The Diplomacy and Military Strategy of the Central Powers in the East, 1905–1914” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University, 1974), 353 passim, is a detailed modern analysis. Cf. also Georg von Waldersee, “Uber die Beziehungen des deutschen zum österreichische-ungarischen Generalstab von dem Weltkrieg,” Berliner Monatshefte VIII (1930), 103–142.
11“Aufmarschanweisung 1914/15 für Oberkommando der 8. Armee,” Elze, Tannenberg, 185–196. The destruction of German military archives for this period during World War II is partly compensated for by Elze’s work, which includes a large number of the relevant documents.
12Hoffmann, War of Lost Opportunities, 21.
13“Allgemeinen Direktiven für die kommandierenden Herrn Genérale,” Aug. 6, 1914, Elze, Tannenberg, 201–202.
14This description of the East Prussian terrain is based on Edmund Ironside, Tannenberg (Edinburgh, 1925), 12 ff.; and the Cook’s-tourist account in BA-MA, Nachlass Below, NL 87/45, 571 ff. For the nature of the road and railway network see Frank B. Tipton, Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany During the Nineteenth Century (Middletown, Conn., 1976), 113.
15Fritz Gempp, “Geheimer Nachrichtendienst und Spionageabwehr des Heeres,” National Archives T-77 (rolls 1,438–1,440, 1,442, 1,507, 1,509), Part II, Section 2, 15 ff.