17Schäfer, Tannenberg, 90–91.
18Golovine, 1914, 218–220.
19Oberbürgermeister Zülch, “Aus meiner Kriegsmappe,” in Tannenberg, 10th anniversary special issue of the Allensteiner Zeitung, copy in Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Nachlass Bülow, NL 87/45.
20W. von Stephani, Mit Hindenburg bei Tannenberg (Berlin, 1919), 23 ff.
21Schäfer, Tannenberg, 92–93; Heinrich Plickert, Das 2. Ermlandische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 151 im Weltkriege (Oldenburg, 1929), 50–51.
228th Army to XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps, Aug. 17, 7:30 a.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 306.
23I Reserve Corps to 8th Army, Aug. 27, 12:45 p.m., ibid.; Schäfer, Tannenberg, 112 ff.
248th Army to I Reserve Corps, Aug. 27, 12:15 p.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 307. The time given is almost certainly an error, since the order’s contents directly reply to Below’s questions. The document was written in pencil on a plain sheet of paper, suggesting a degree of haste that explains the mistake.
25Hoffmann, “Tannenberg,” 295 ff.; army order for Aug. 28, dated Aug. 27, “evening,” Elze, Tannenberg, 312.
26Max Hoffmann, War of Lost Opportunities, in War Diaries and Other Papers, tr. E. Sutton, Vol. II (London, 1929), 37–38.
27Franc,ois, Marneschlacht und Tannenberg, 213–214; Schäfer, Tannenberg, 73, 80 fn. 2. The 4th Grenadiers’ regimental history is predictably silent on the subject.
28Alfred Seydel, Das Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich I. (4. Ostpreussisches) Nr. 5 im Weltkriege (Oldenburg, 1926), 51; Ernst Zipfel, Geschichte des Königlich Pressischen Husaren-Regiments Fürst Blücher von Wahlstatt (Pommersches) Nr. 5 (Zeulenroda, 1930), 37; Schäfer, Tannenberg, 112 ff.; Reichsarchiv, Weltkrieg II, 175–176.
29Schäfer, Tannenberg, 113–114; Wilhelm Preusser, Das 9. Westpreussische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 176 im Weltkrieg (Berlin, 1931), 26–27.
30Record of telephone conversation between I Reserve Corps and 8th Army, Aug. 27, 9:00 p.m.; 8th Army order to I Reserve Corps, received by telephone Aug. 27, 9:30 p.m.; 8th Army to I Reserve Corps, Aug. 27, 10:00 p.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 308–309.
31The war diaries of 8th Army and XVII Corps, lost during World War II, are excerpted on this issue in Elze, Tannenberg, 310. Cf. Mackensen, Briefe und Aufzeichnungen, 53.
32Army order for Aug. 28, Aug. 27, 10:00 p.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 312.
33Golovine, 1914, 285 ff.
34Elze, Tannenberg, 136.
35Mackensen, Briefe und Aufzeichnungen, 63; and his report to Kaiser William of Aug. 28 in Elze, Tannenberg, 311.
36Samsonov’s order is in Sbornik dokumentov mirovoy voyni na russkom fronte. Manovrenni period 1914 goda: Vostochno-Prusskayia operasiya, ed. Generalny Shtab RKKA (Moscow, 1939), 296. Cf. Golovine, 1914, 223 ff., 252; Ironside, Tannenberg, 178 ff.
37Hoffmann, “Tannenberg,” 285.
38Ironside, Tannenberg, 175 ff.; Schäfer, Tannenberg, 115.
39Golovine, 1914, p. 255 passim; Ironside, Tannenberg, 179 passim; Knox, 73–74.
40XX Corps to 8th Army, Aug. 28, 5:50 a.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 315; Reichsarchiv, Weltkrieg II, 184–185; Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story, 64.
41Hoffmann, Tannenberg, 298–299; Schäfer, Tannenberg, 124 ff.; Reichert and Claer, IR 59, 54 ff.
42Cf. Keller, “Vergleich der Schiessverfahren der deutschen, fränzosischen, und russischen Feldartillerie,” Vierteljahrshefte für Truppenführung und Heereskunde I (1904), 73–79; and Richter, “Die Schiessvorschrift für die Feldartillerie vom 15. Mai 1907,” Jahrbücher für die deutsche Armee und Marine 133 (1907), 111–119.
433rd Reserve Division to XX Corps, Aug. 28, 8:10 a.m.; XX Corps to 8th Army, reporting telephone message of Aug. 28, 8:00 a.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 316.
44Curt von Morgen, Meiner Truppen Heldenkämpfe (Berlin, 1920), pp. 11–12; Schäfer, Tannenberg, 135 ff.; Reichsarchiv, Weltkrieg II, 188; Arthur Maas, Das Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 9 im Weltkrieg (Zeulenroda, 1933), 9.
45Moritz Holzmann, Hanseatische Landwehr im Felde (Geschichte des L-I-R 75) Vol. I (Oldenburg, 1928), 9 ff.; Wilhelm Suhrmann, Geschichte des Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 31 im Weltkriege (Oldenburg, 1928), 23 ff.; Landwehr Division to 8th Army, Aug. 28, 3:30 a.m., in Elze, Tannenberg 135; Schäfer, Tannenberg, 142 ff.
46Schäfer, Tannenberg, 144; Golovine, 1914, 221–222.
47Schäfer, Tannenberg, 144–145, 161 ff.; Morgen, Meiner Truppen Heldenkämpfe, 12.
48Governor of Thorn to 8th Army, Aug. 28, 8:15 a.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 316; Hoffmann, “Tannenberg,” 303–304; Reichsarchiv, Weltkrieg II, 190–191.
4941st Division to XX Corps, Aug. 28, 8:00 a.m. Elze, Tannenberg, 317; Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story, 65; Görlitz, Hindenburg, 72–73.
50François, Marneschlacht und Tannenberg, 213 ff.; Fortress Graudenz to 8th Army, received Aug. 28, 1:30 a.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 314; I Corps to 8th Army, received Aug. 28, 7:45 a.m., ibid., 315–316; Schäfer, Tannenberg, 148 ff.
51I Corps to 8th Army and reply, Aug. 28, 8:00 a.m.; 8th Army to I Corps, Aug. 28, 9:40 a.m.; report of I Corps, Aug. 28, 10:10 a.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 316 ff.
5241st Division to XX Corps, Aug. 28, 10:15 a.m., telephone message from 41st Division to XX Corps, Aug. 18, 11:15 a.m., ibid., 317.
53I Corps to 8th Army, Aug. 28, 11:45 a.m.; 8th Army to I Corps, Aug. 28, 11:45 a.m.; telephone message, 8th Army to I Corps, Aug. 28, 12:15 p.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 319.
54François to Schäfer, Mar. 18, 1927, BA-MA, Nachlass François, N 274/18; François, Marneschlacht und Tannenberg, 218–219.
55Eliot A. Cohen and John Gooch, Military Misfortunes: Anatomy of Failure in War (New York, 1989).
568th Army to I Corps, Aug. 28, 1:30 p.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 319; Reichsarchiv, Weltkrieg II, 193–194.
57I Corps to 8th Army, arrived Aug. 28, 4:00 p.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 320; François, Marneschlacht und Tannenberg, 219–220; Balla, Im Yorkschen Geist, 34–35.