75Ludendorff to OHL, Aug. 30, 8:40 p.m., Aug. 31, 3:00 p.m., Elze, Tannenberg, 340, 341, 342; Bronsart to 8th Army, Aug. 31, 3:30 p.m., ibid., 342; Hindenburg to William, Aug. 31, 7:15 p.m., ibid., 343.
10. OPPORTUNITIES AND ILLUSIONS
1Germany, Reichsarchiv, Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918, Vol. II (Berlin, 1925), 230; N. N. Golovine, The Russian Campaign of 1914 (Leavenworth, Kans., 1933), 324.
2N. N. Golovine, The Russian Army in the World War (New Haven Conn., 1931), 214 ff.
3David French, British Strategy and War Aims, 1914–1916 (London, 1986); Keuh Nielsen, Strategy and Supply: The Anglo-Russian Alliance, 1914–1917 (London, 1984).
4Diary entry of Aug. 28 and 29, 1914 and report of Aug. 31, 1914 in Bernd F. Schulte, “Neue Dokumente zu Kriegsausbuch und Kriegsverlauf 1914,” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen XXV (1979), 158, 162.
5Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Nachlass Hoffmann, NL37, letter of Aug. 30, 1914.
6Reichsarchiv, Weltkrieg II, 268 ff; Savant, L’Épopée Russe. Campagne de l’Armee Rennenkampf en Prusse-Orientale (Paris, 1945), 313 ff.
7Erich Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story, 2 vols. (New York, 1929), I, 82 ff.
8Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (New York, 1975), pp. 70 ff., is the best account in English. Cf. as well M. von Pitreich, Lemberg (Vienna, 1924); and 1914. Die Militärgeschichtliche Probleme unseres Kriegsbeginnes (Vienna, 1934); and for the general consequences Gunther Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph (Lafayette, Ind., 1976), 180–181.
9Winston Churchill, The Unknown War (London, 1931), 231.
10Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story I, 90 ff.; Germany, Reichsarchiv, Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918, Vol. V (Berlin, 1929), 402 ff.; Vol VI (Berlin, 1929), 98 passim.
11C. E. Heller and W A. Stofft, eds., America’s First Battles, 1776–1965 (Lawrence, Kans., 1986), offers a comprehensive overview of this subject.
12Cf. inter alia Wolfram Wette, Kriegstheorien deutschen Sozialisten (Stuttgart, 1971); and Gerd Krumeich, Armaments and Politics in France on the Eve of the First World War, tr. S. Conn (Dover, N.H., 1984).
13Eric Leed, No Man’s Land (New York, 1979).
14As in John Buchan, Nelson’s History of the War, Vol. II (London, n.d.), 108–122.
15This story is incorporated even in critical accounts such as Karl Tschuppik, Ludendorff: The Tragedy of a Specialist (London, 1932).
16Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story I, 56.
17Walter Görlitz, Hindenburg: Ein Lebensbild (Bern, 1953), 77.
18Cf. Reitzenstein, “Generaloberst von Prittwitz nach der Schlacht bei Gumbinnen,” Militär-Wochenblatt, 1921, 43; and Schäfer, “Wollte Generaloberst von Prittwitz im August 1914 hinter die Weichsel zurückgehen?” ibid., 1921, 45.
19Churchill, Unknown War, 213–214.
20BA-MA, Nachlass Hoffmann, NL37, letters of Sept. 4 and 9, 1914; Görlitz, Hindenburg, 69–69; Emil Ludwig, Hindenburg (Philadelphia, 1935), 98; H. A. de Weerd, Great Soldiers of Two World Wars (New York, 1941), 79–80.
21Cf. Martin Kitchen, “Militarism and the Development of Fascist Ideology: The Political Ideas of Colonel Max Bauer, 1916–1918,” Central European History VIII (1975), 199–220; The Silent Dictatorship. The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916–1918 (New York, 1976); and Richard Piazza, “Ludendorff: The Totalitarian and Völkisch Politics of a Military Specialist” (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1969).
22Gorlitz, Hindenburg, 78.
23K. Koszyk, Deutsche Pressepolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1968).
24Philip Knightely, The First Casualty. From the Crimea to Vietnam: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Mythmaker (New York, 1975).
25Cf. Elisabeth Fehrenbach, Wandlungen des deutschen Kaisergedankens (Munich, Vienna, 1969); and Isabel Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918 (Cambridge, 1982).
26Wilhelm Deist, “Kaiser Wilhelm II in the Context of his Military Entourage,” in Kaiser Wilhelm II: New Interpretations, ed. J. C. G. Röhl and N. Sombart (Cambridge, 1982), 169–192.
27Egmont Zechlin, “Friedensbestrebungen und Revolutionierungsversuche im Ersten Weltkrieg,” Das Parlament, B, May 15, 1963, 36–40.
28Georg Alexander von Müller, The Kaiser and His Court, ed. W. Görlitz, tr. M. Savill (London, 1961), 22–23.
29Pierre Paul Rocolle, L’Hécatombe des generaux (Paris, 1980).
30Jürgen Brinkeman, Die Ritter des Ordens ‘Pour le Mérite 1914–1918’ (Hanover, 1982).
31Cf. Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979); and Walter Laqueur, Young Germany: A History of the Youth Movement (New York, 1962).
32Wenninger’s diary entries, Sept. 14 and 15, 1914; and his reports of Sept. 9, 1914 in Schulte, “Neue Dokumente,” 173 ff.
33Cf. inter alia Andreas Hillgruber, “Politik und Strategic Hitlers im Mittelmeerraum,” in Deutsche Grossmacht-und Weltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Düsseldorf, 1977), 276–295; and Gerhard Schreiber, “Der Mittelmeerraum in Hitlers Strategic 1940. ‘Programm’ und militärische Planung,” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen XXVIII (1980), 69–99.
34Wild von Hohenborn to his wife, Dec. 23, 1914, in Adolf Wild von Hohenborn: Briefe und Tagebuchaufzeichnungen… , ed. H. Reichold, G. Granier (Boppard, 1986), 46.
35Wilhelm Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, ed. F. Frh. v. Gärtringen (Göttingen, 1957), 526.
36Falkenhayn’s memoirs, The German General Staff and Its Decisions, 1914–1916 (New York, 1970) are best supplemented by Heinz Krafft, Staatsraison und Kriegführung im kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914–1916 (Göttingen, 1980). L. L. Farrar, Divide and Conquer: German Efforts to Conclude a Separate Peace, 1914–1918 (New York, 1978), is an unsympathetic survey of the subject.
37Karl-Heinz Janssen, Der Kanzler und der General (Göttingen, 1967), 49 ff.; Konrad Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor: Bethmann-Hollweg and the Hubris of Imperial Germany (New Haven, Conn., 1973), 266 ff. Gerhard Ritter, The Sword and the Scepter, Vol. Ill, The Tragedy of Statesmanship. Bethmann-Hollweg as War Chancellor (1914–1917), tr. H. Norden (Coral Gables, Fla., 1972), 47 ff.