The previous name for Pseudomonadota is Proteobacteria (Proteobacteria, Greek prōtos — "initial, main", βακτηρία — "stick, staff"3). It was given because of the wide variety of forms in honor of Proteus, the elusive god of the ever-changing nature of the sea, the nature of water, capable of taking many different images, male and female4. (Prōtogonos (πρωτόγονος) — "primordial" or "firstborn".)
There are two hypotheses about the origin of mitochondria, endosymbiotic and autogenic.
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis of the Creation of Mitochondria
Endosymbiotic hypothesis: After the oxygen revolution on Earth — the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere as a result of photosynthesis of cyanobacteria (from the Greek. κυανός — "blue-green") at the end of the Archean Eon, 2.5 billion years ago5, and the Huron glaciation ("Snowball Earth" for 300 million years) of 2.4–2.1 billion years ago, the next Proterozoic Eon (al-Greek. πρότερος — "first, senior" + ζωή — "life") is the earliest Precambrian part of the history of the world — Cryptozoic Eon (from ancient Greek. κρυπτός (kryptós) — "secretive, hidden, unmanifested" and ζωή (zoe) — "life"), about two billion years ago, two prokaryotes (from ancient Greek. πρό — "before, before" and κάρυον — "core"), a representative of bacteria and a representative of archaea, united, forming a tandem.
The resulting tandem prepared changes and the image of a new model of the ideal during the so — called "boring billion" (1.8–0.72 billion years ago) for the "new life of the first, eldest" in the last period of "hidden (unmanifested) life" — Neoproterozoic (from the ancient Greek. Vέος — "new" + πρότερος — "first, senior, eldest" + ζωή — "life"), as well as the transition to manifested life — Phanerozoic Eon (ancient Greek: φανερός — "explicit, open, visible" and ζωή — "life").
Aerobic (processing oxygen for energy synthesis) alphaproteobacteria or, according to one version, its variety has become a symbiont of anaerobic archaea (from the ancient Greek: ἀρχαῖος — "eternal, ancient, primordial, old"), living due to glycolysis (glucose oxidation) and fermentation (processing of organic products).
This pair became the basis of the future eukaryotic cell (eukaryotes, "fully nuclear"), which took shape during the Neoproterozoic ("new life of the first elders") of the Cryptozoic (Pre-Cambrian) Eon ("hidden, unmanifested life"). And the eukaryotic cell, in turn, became an elementary unit of structure and vital activity, reproduction, development of all living multicellular organisms in the Phanerozoic Eon ("visible (manifested) life").
The cell has a formed nucleus and a number of organelles, its components, one of which is the mitochondria, the ancestor of which is considered to be an alphaproteobacteria or its variety.
Apparently, the archaea genome contained an impressive stock of already existing debugged solutions (from the ancient Greek ἀρχαῖα, which means "ancient things"), which were selected by the Spirit of the Creator to create a new image.
From Wikipedia on the page about archaea in the Russian version: "As a rule, archaea have a single ring chromosome, the size of which can reach 5,751,492 pairs of nucleotides in Methanosarcina acetivorans, which has the largest known genome among archaea." The ring chromosome of the archaea as a copy of the golden version of the matrix circle of the passed stage.
Bacteria, as far as can be judged, are carriers of the ideas of creating a new one or making changes to what has already been created, its recombination. We are afraid of bacteria, but, on the other hand, without them there will be no changes in life, both bad and good.
In order not to ruin everything that has already been created before, bacteria take a small part of the genes in which something will change. These changes are an integral part of our life and the overall plan of the Creator. Those changes that have "taken root", having passed a number of checks and tests, internal and external, can be given to archaea, and "move on" in accordance with the Creator's plan. If there were no plan and general structure of the Universe created by the Almighty, then one would not even dream of today's civilization.
In the context of the Creator's plan, the archaea genome became the basis of the DNA of the cell nucleus, and the mitochondria remained a semi-autonomous symbiont-a stanger traveling light. It has own small genome. For humans, it has the form of a closed circular double helix of mitochondrial DNA — mtDNA6. The size of human mtDNA is 16,569 nucleotide pairs, which is approximately 105 times smaller than in the genome of the cell nucleus.
A New Project and a Way to Achieve It. Tandem of Creativity and Technical and Material Capabilities
It can be assumed that the mitochondrial genome performs the task of updating the old and creating a new image in the Lower Manifested world, where there is a constant renewal of matter and mind.
mtDNA initially has some deviations from the standard genetic code of nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA also undergoes frequent mutations, probably in search of a way to implement a new project, unlike nuclear DNA, where mutations occur much less frequently.
Of course, all these mutations affect the functioning of the human body and brain, his health. These processes took place for humanity as a whole unconsciously until the third round of development, when the situation began to change, and already many people began to participate in scientific research of living and inanimate nature and solving the mysteries of the universe.
Three and a Half Turns of the Spiral of Development and the Structure of Sleep
At the beginning of this book, there was already mention of three and a half turns of the spiral of development for obtaining basic knowledge and experience of the life processes of the inner universe.
In Hinduism and Buddhism, they are displayed in the form of a Kundalini energy coiled in three and a half turns ([kundalini] — "rolled up in the form of a ring", "coiled in the form of a snake").
The snake is depicted placed in the lowest energy chakra (IAST: cakra lit. "circle, wheel, disc") or padma (IAST: padma letters. "lotus") with the name Muladhara (IAST: mūla — "root", "base"; IAST: adhāra — "foundation", "basis", "support").
And in Kabbalah, the mysterious Chaldeans from the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia (the Interfluve between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the display of the cerebellum vermis, the "small brain" responsible for coordinating movements) left the structure of the Tree of Life to the Jewish people. The seven lower components of the structure belong to the three levels of reality of the manifested material world. Three levels of reality and three rounds of development of the Adam project7.
4
The adjective "protean", derived from Proteus, is already interpreted as "Proteus-like", "universal", "changeable", "versatile" or "capable of taking many forms". Source Wikipedia.
5
Before the "oxygen catastrophe", life on Earth was anaerobic. The first inhabitants of the Earth, archaea and bacteria, used anoxygenic (i.e. oxygen-free) photo- or chemosynthesis to produce energy. Everything changed about 2.8 billion years ago with the appearance of cyanobacteria, which "created" an ETC (electron transport chain) that can decompose water to produce electrons.
Oxygen, a by-product of this process, turned out to be a poison for all the anaerobic inhabitants of the prehistoric planet. The appearance of aerobic bacteria capable of using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the ETC was a real evolutionary breakthrough. These bacteria are considered to be the progenitors of mitochondria. Source Wikipedia.
6
In some plants, both ring and linear mitochondrial DNA molecules are present. Organisms such as infusoria from the protist group have only linear mitochondrial DNA. The genome of plant mitochondria can reach 370,000 nucleotide pairs, which is about 20 times larger than the genome of human mitochondria. The number of genes here is also about 7 times more, which is accompanied by the appearance of additional electronic transport pathways in plant mitochondria that are not associated with ATP synthesis. In plants, each mitochondria contains several DNA molecules of different sizes that are capable of recombination.
Human mitochondrial DNA encodes 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 22 transport RNAs (tRNAs) and 13 proteins. These are redox proteins of the respiratory chain (Electron transport chain, ETC) of intracellular respiration carried out in mitochondria. The conjugated work of ETC and ATP synthase is called oxidative phosphorylation, which leads to the synthesis of ATP. The mitochondria produces less than half of the types of proteins it needs.
Mammalian and fungal mtDNA encodes very small ribosomes characterized by a sedimentation coefficient of 55S, which is even lower than that of the 70S-ribosomes of the prokaryotic type. At the same time, two large ribosomal RNAs are also smaller than in prokaryotes, and there is no small rRNA at all. In plant mitochondria, on the contrary, ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic ones in size and structure.
The number of proteins translated from mitochondrial mRNA forming subunits of large enzyme complexes is limited. A significant part of proteins is encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on cytoplasmic 80S ribosomes.
The mitochondrial matrix also contains enzyme systems of organic oxidation and enzymes of the Krebs cycle. In general, the whole process of energy formation in mitochondria can be divided into four main stages, the first two of which take place in the matrix, and the last two — on the crystals of mitochondria. Source Wikipedia.
7
Depending on the level of their development, people differ from each other. From the "National Encyclopedia" of Kazakhstan:
"'Man' is a general concept that defines the features and differences of the human species from other biological species on Earth." (In this perspective, having a human body and not possessing something more, some special skills, differences that are worth preserving, is only a representative of one of the species of the animal world.)
"'Individual' is a single representative of the human race, an individual person. Individual is a set of personal, characteristic features that distinguish one person from another."
"'Personality' is not only the natural and biological characteristics of a person, it is what is outside of nature — the essence of a person living in society and formed in close connection with society. To be precise, personality is the human qualities of an individual outside of nature, qualities that represent significant aspects of his social life."