Mitochondria and Titan-Swans, Transport RNAs. Non-Dividing Cells and Protomitochondria from Postmitochondria
The mitochondrial genome contains 2 genes of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to create a small translation apparatus of RNA and proteins, 22 genes of transport RNA (tRNA, "swans") and 13 genes of redox proteins of the respiratory chain of the cell (electron transport chain — ETC). The DNA of the cell nucleus encodes a more powerful translation apparatus, 32 transport RNAs18, other varieties of RNA and significantly more proteins. The mitochondria synthesizes only part of the proteins that it needs, and the rest is provided by the cell19.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can independently divide by replication, forming two identical copies. Mammalian mitochondria usually contain from two to ten identical copies of circular DNA molecules. In addition, the mitochondria as a whole, if necessary, divides by replication within the cell. It can fuse with other mitochondria. Mitochondria also divide with the cell when it doubles.
Scientists have not yet found out exactly how, but the mitochondrial genome under certain conditions enters the cytoplasm of the cell, adapting to the new environment.
The matrix (Latin "matrix" from "mater" — "basis", literally — "mother", pink substance, gel-like "mother" medium) inside the mitochondria is denser and more elastic than the cytoplasm of the cell, also called the matrix. From the cytoplasm, mtDNA genes are already moving into the nucleus, getting a chance, passing through a dead loop, to go to the "Kingdom of Heaven"20.
The video clip for the song "Love of Tired Swans" (Composed by I. Krutoy, Lyrics by M. Gutseriev) performed by Kazakh singer, multi-instrumentalist and composer Dimash Kudaibergenov showed a destroyed old image and a cage with swans on the lower ground to create a new image.
One of the swans, apparently created on the basis of mtDNA genes, finds its mate. In the second part of the book, we will also talk about a long tRNA and swans from the perspective of a Christian cross with a "dead loop" (Ankh among the gods of Ancient Egypt).
The mitochondria embedded in the cell nucleus was named NUMT ("nuclear mitochondrial DNA" — "new nuclear mitochondrial DNA", "new power", "nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes" — "nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes", also called nuclear pseudogenes).
According to the information on the NUMT page in the English version of Wikipedia, NUMT is inserted into nuclear DNA using double-stranded break repair processes. As far as can be judged, after the transfer of all NUMT genes, a project is being prepared to create the basis for a new world and rebirth.
Mitochondria form huge networks inside cells, and they have a complex life path. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary greatly depending on the organism, tissue, and cell type.
A mature red blood cell, an erythrocyte, does not have mitochondria, whereas there may be more than 2000 of them in a liver cell (see about the liver as a receptacle of Ka21 — double on the lower earth created by the god Khnum ("Divine Potter", "Lord of created things from himself", "Father of Fathers", about him and Ka more in the second part of the book).
Mitochondria are constantly in cycles of division and fusion. Inside the cell, their number may vary at different time periods. Mitochondria can divide and separate the "black sheep" for removal — mitocytosis. Networks of these small organelles control both their own life and the life of the whole organism.
For example, mitochondria in the hypothalamus function as a nutrient sensor. Based on their dynamics, there is either an increase in the activity of neuronal cells with these mitochondria, or a decrease. And as a result, the hypothalamus as a whole awakens or does not awaken a feeling of hunger in the body22.
Mitochondria do not sit in the same place in the cell all their lives, moving along the tubulin microtubules with the help of kinesin and dynein proteins. Some other organelles (cell components), for example, endosomes, are also capable of this.
An example of intracellular mitochondrial movement is along an axon inside a nerve cell. Mitochondria are initially contained only in the soma of the cell, near the nucleus, but many energy-consuming processes in the neuron occur precisely in the synapse, where the release and capture of mediators occurs. Therefore, mitochondria from the soma are forced to travel through microtubules to the synapse23.
But, moreover, mitochondria can move from cell to cell like spaceships-strangers traveling through the universe of the organism. They pass through nanotubes, through intercellular contacts or in extracellular vesicles.
There is an experience of using this property of mitochondria during heart surgery of a newborn child with a heart muscle defect. Doctors injected a suspension of mitochondria from a healthy muscle into the affected area. Healthy mitochondria restored the function of the baby 's damaged heart muscle24.
On the page about mitochondria in Wikipedia (Russian version): "In specialized (non-dividing) cells, mitochondria usually do not divide. Renewal of the mitochondrial pool in this case occurs by maturation of mitochondria from protomitochondria having an initial diameter of 0.1–0.2 microns. Where protomitochondria come from is unknown, but it is assumed that the seed for them is the DNA of postmitochondria released into the cytoplasm."
It is also worth mentioning that mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively through the maternal line. Despite this, they may be different due to permanent mutations that are also inherited. But each mitochondria has several sections of nucleotides in DNA that are identical in all mitochondria (there are many copies of mitochondrial DNA in the cell), which is very important for cases when mtDNA cannot be restored from damage25. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are the cause of a number of hereditary human diseases.
Since all mitochondrial DNA is inherited as a single unit, or haplotype, the relationship between the mitochondrial DNA of different people can be represented in the form of a genetic mtDNA tree on the maternal side.
Autogenic Hypothesis of the Creation of Mitochondria
Autogenic hypothesis: Mitochondria were born by splitting off a portion of DNA from the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell at the time of divergence with the prokaryotes; this DNA portion would have been enclosed by membranes, which could not be crossed by proteins.
18
32 tRNA encoded DNA cores and 32-bit, and then 64-bit, etc. computers. 22 tRNAs of mitochondrial DNA and Titans, deposed "former (pre-Olympic) gods", having an earthly and heavenly nature.
19
From Wikipedia on the page about mitochondria in the Russian version: "The number of proteins translated from mitochondrial mRNA forming subunits of large enzyme complexes is limited. A significant part of proteins is encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on cytoplasmic 80S ribosomes. In particular, this is how some electron — carrying proteins, mitochondrial translocases, components of protein transport in mitochondria, as well as factors necessary for transcription, translation and replication of mitochondrial DNA are formed.
At the same time, such proteins have special signal peptides at their N-terminus, the size of which varies from 12 to 80 amino acid residues. These sites form amphiphilic whorls, provide specific contact of proteins with binding domains of mitochondrial recognition receptors localized on the outer membrane. These proteins are transported to the outer membrane of the mitochondria in a partially unfolded state in association with chaperone proteins (in particular, with hsp70).
After transfer through the outer and inner membranes at the places of their contacts, the proteins entering the mitochondria bind again to chaperones, but of their own mitochondrial origin, which pick up the protein crossing the membranes, contribute to its retraction into the mitochondria, and also control the process of proper folding of the polypeptide chain. Most chaperones have ATPase activity, as a result of which both the transport of proteins into the mitochondria and the formation of their functionally active forms are energy-dependent processes."
20
mtDNA, which transferred its genes to the cell nucleus, was originally called NUMT ("nuclear mitochondrial DNA" — "new nuclear mitochondrial DNA", "new power", "nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes" — "nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes", also called nuclear pseudogenes — see the English version of Wikipedia), and tests of mtDNA does not end there.
21
Part of the soul in the concept of the soul of ancient Egypt. From Wikipedia: "To denote Ka (ka), it is difficult to find an equivalent in modern languages. Maspero suggested the translation ‘double, doppelganger'. … Ka is a person's life force, character traits, or destiny. After the death of a person, the Ka leaves his body, wanders the earth and returns again, but lives in a sculptural image in the tomb and feeds on offerings, passing through the "false door" to the serdab. … The gods also had "Ka", but unlike humans — several. With the help of the god of magic Hack, the Egyptians could influence the Ka of gods, thereby seeking healing and protection from them. Similarly, the Pharaohs had several Ka."
In the English version of Wikipedia: "The Ka (ka) was the Egyptian concept of vital essence, which distinguishes the difference between a living and a dead person, with death occurring when the ka left the body. … In the Old Kingdom private tombs, artwork depicted a "doubleworld" with essential people and objects for the owner of the ka".
The false door reminds of the door left over from the Gottorp globe-planetarium, the copying by the Russian Empire of technologies and lifestyle of Western countries with a double-headed black eagle in the context of the introduction of NUMT ("nuclear mitochondrial DNA" — "new nuclear mitochondrial DNA", "new power", "nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes" — "nuclear copies mitochondrial genes", also called nuclear pseudogenes).
22
From the article "The Secret Life of Mitochondria" by Evelina Nickelshparg on the website https://biomolecula.ru/articles/tainaia-zhizn-mitokhondrii?ysclid=laz9wizgyx848395994.
23
From the article "The Secret Life of Mitochondria" by Evelina Nickelshparg on the website https://biomolecula.ru/articles/tainaia-zhizn-mitokhondrii?ysclid=laz9wizgyx848395994.
24
From the article "The Secret Life of Mitochondria" by Evelina Nickelshparg on the website https://biomolecula.ru/articles/tainaia-zhizn-mitokhondrii?ysclid=laz9wizgyx848395994.
25
Mitochondria can repair oxidative DNA damage using mechanisms similar to those that occur in the cell nucleus. Proteins used in mtDNA repair are encoded by nuclear genes and transferred to mitochondria.