VIII. Italian Gothic
IX. Spanish Gothic
X. Considerations
Chapter XXXIII. MEDIEVAL MUSIC: 326–1300
I. The Music of the Church
II. The Music of the People
Chapter XXXIV. THE TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE: 1000–1300
I. The Rise of the Vernaculars
II. The World of Books
III. The Translators
IV. The Schools
V. Universities of the South
VI. Universities of France
VII. Universities of England
VIII. Student Life
Chapter XXXV. ABÉLARD: 1079–1142
I. Divine Philosophy
II. Héloïse
III. The Rationalist
IV. The Letters of Heloise
V. The Condemned
Chapter XXXVI. THE ADVENTURE OF REASON: 1120–1308
I. The School of Chartres
II. Aristotle in Paris
III. The Freethinkers
IV. The Development of Scholasticism
V. Thomas Aquinas
VI. The Thomist Philosophy
1. Logic
2. Metaphysics
3. Theology
4. Psychology
5. Ethics
6. Politics
7. Religion
8. The Reception of Thomism
VII. The Successors
Chapter XXXVII. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE: 1095–1300
I. The Magical Environment
II. The Mathematical Revolution
III. The Earth and Its Life
IV. Matter and Energy
V. The Revival of Medicine
VI. Albertus Magnus
VII. Roger Bacon
VIII. The Encyclopedists
Chapter XXXVIII. THE AGE OF ROMANCE: 1100–1300
I. The Latin Revival
II. Wine, Woman, and Song
III. The Rebirth of Drama
IV. Epics and Sagas
V. The Troubadours
VI. The Minnesingers
VII. The Romances
VIII. The Satirical Reaction
Chapter XXXIX. DANTE: 1265–1321
I. The Italian Troubadours
II. Dante and Beatrice
III. The Poet in Politics
IV. The Divine Comedy
1. The Poem
2. Hell
3. Purgatory
4. Heaven
EPILOGUE: THE MEDIEVAL LEGACY
Bibliography
Notes
Index
List of Illustrations
FIG. 1. Interior of Santa Maria Maggiore
FIG. 2. Interior of Hagia Sophia
FIG. 3. Interior of San Vitale
FIG. 4. Detail of Rock Relief
FIG. 5. Court of the Great Mosque
FIG. 6. Dome of the Rock
FIG. 7. Portion of Stone Relief
FIG. 8. Court of El Azhar Mosque
FIG. 9. Wood Minbar in El Agsa Mosque
FIG. 10. Pavilion on Court of Lions, the Alhambra
FIG. 11. Interior of Mosque
FIG. 12. Façade of St. Mark’s
FIG. 13. Piazza of the Duomo, Showing Baptistry, Cathedral, and Leaning Tower
FIG. 14. Interior of Capella Palatina
FIG. 15. Apse of Cathedral, Monreale
FIG. 16. Cimabue: Madonna with Angels and St. Francis
FIG. 17. Portrait of a Saint, Book of Kells
FIG. 18. Glass Painting, 12th Century
FIG. 19. Rose Window, Strasbourg
FIG. 20. Notre Dame
FIG. 21. The Virgin of the Pillar
FIG. 22. Gargoyle
FIG. 23. Chartres Cathedral, West View
FIG. 24. “Modesty”
FIG. 25. “The Visitation”
FIG. 26. Rheims Cathedral
FIG. 27. St. Nicaise Between Two Angels
FIG. 28. “The Annunciation and Visitation”
FIG. 29. Wrought Iron Grille
FIG. 30. Canterbury Cathedral
FIG. 31. Hôtel de Ville
FIG. 32. Salisbury Cathedral
FIG. 33. Cathedral Interior, Durham
FIG. 34. Cathedral Interior, Winchester
FIG. 35. Westminster Abbey
FIG. 36. Strasbourg Cathedral
FIG. 37. “The Church”
FIG. 38. “The Synagogue”
FIG. 39. Saint Elizabeth
FIG. 40. Mary
FIG. 41. Ekkehard and His Wife Uta
FIG. 42. Rose Façade, Orvieto Cathedral
FIG. 43. Façade, Siena Cathedral
FIG. 44. Pulpit of Pisano
FIG. 45. Rear View of Cathedral, Salamanca
FIG. 46. Cathedral Interior, Santiago di Compostela
Maps of Europe and the Byzantine Empire (A.D. 565), the Caliphate (A.D. 750), and Europe (A.D. 1190) will be found on the inside covers.
All photographs, with the exception of those otherwise marked, were secured through Bettmann Archive.
BOOK I
THE BYZANTINE ZENITH
325–565
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
Dates of rulers and popes are of their reigns. All dates are A.D.
226:
Ardashir founds Sasanian dynasty
241–72:
Shapur I of Persia
251–356:
St. Anthony of Egypt
293–373:
Athanasius
300–67:
Hilary of Poitiers
309–79:
Shapur II of Persia
310–400:
Ausonius, poet
311–81:
Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths
325:
Council of Nicaea
325–403:
Oribasius, physician
325–91:
Ammianus Marcellinus, hist’n
329–79:
St. Basil
320–89:
Gregory Nazianzen
331:
B. of Julian the Apostate
337:
Death of Constantine
340–98:
St. Ambrose
340–420:
St. Jerome
345–407:
St. John Chrysostom
345–410:
Symmachus, senator
348–410:
Prudentius, poet
353–61:
Constantius sole emperor
354–430:
St. Augustine
359–408:
Stilicho, patricius
361–3:
Julian emperor
363–4:
Jovian emperor
364–7:
Valentinian I, Western emp.
364–78:
Valens Eastern emperor
365–408:
Claudian, poet
366–84:
Pope Damasus I
372:
Huns cross the Volga
375–83:
Gratian Western emperor
378:
Battle of Hadrianople
379:
Theon of Alexandria, math’n
379–95:
Theodosius I, emperor
382–92:
Affair of Altar of Victory
383–92:
Valentinian II, Western emp.
386–404:
Jerome’s transl, of Bible
387:
Baptism of Augustine
389–461:
St. Patrick
390:
Penance of Theodosius
392–4:
Eugenius Western emperor
394:
End of the Olympian Games
394–423:
Honorius Western emp.
395–408:
Arcadius Eastern emp.
395–410:
Alaric I King of Visigoths
397:
Confessions of St. Augustine
c. 400:
Saturnalia of Macrobius
402:
Alaric defeated at Pollentia
403:
Ravenna becomes Western capital
404:
End of gladiatorial games
407:
Roman legions leave Britain
408–50:
Theodosius II Eastern emp.
409:
Pelagius, theologian
410:
Alaric sacks Rome
410–85:
Proclus, mathematician
413:
Orosius, historian
413–26:
Augustine’s City of God
415:
Murder of Hypatia
425:
University of Constantinople
425–55:
Valentinian III Western emp.
428–31: