Lanfranchi, Guido, 1001, 1016
Langton, Stephen, 674-675, 677, 763
language, 343, 466, 578, 903, 904
languages, 208, 396, 489, 719, 905, 906-908, 979, 983, 1006, 1008, 1012, 1027, 1029, 1030, 1084
Alemannic, 905
Anglo-Saxon, 487
Arabic, 121, 158-159, 176, 201, 236, 237, 239-241, 244, 246, 248, 262, 267, 279, 282, 367, 371, 376, 395, 396, 403, 406, 411, 413, 596, 607, 715, 716, 719, 868, 876, 910, 911, 919, 979, 989, 990, 1009
Aramaic, 349, 352, 367*, 396, 401
Bavarian, 905
British (Celtic)* 81, 489
Bulgarian, 445
Castilian, 459, 698
Catalan, 459
Chaldaic, 979, 1009
Danish, 905
Dutch, 905
Eastphalian, 905
English, 81, 264, 484, 485, 681, 683, 684, 841, 903-904, 905, 906, 910
Flemish, 685, 905
Franconian, 905
Frank, 376
French, 81, 605, 685, 792, 904, 905, 906, 936, 1020, 1029, 1084
Frisian, 905
Gaelic, 496
Galician, 702
Galician-Portuguese, 698
German, 81, 445, 466, 489, 515, 618, 904, 905
Great Russian, 445
Greek, 65, 96, 112, 124, 126, 205, 239, 240, 349, 376, 437, 450, 461, 477, 497, 515, 531, 715, 719, 895, 909, 912, 919, 923, 925, 1006, 1086
Hebrew, 121, 158, 349, 368, 371, 383, 384, 395, 396, 401, 402, 403, 407, 411, 413, 698, 910, 919, 925, 936, 979, 1006, 1008
Icelandic, 905
Irish, 489
Italian, 451, 456, 792, 905, 1027, 1056, 1058, 1062, 1066, 1081
Kufic, 229
Latin, 65, 85, 88, 94, 95, 99, 112, 121, 124, 236, 371, 403, 411, 450, 456, 461, 466, 484, 488, 515, 698, 719, 770, 792, 903, 904, 905, 906, 909, 910-912, 915, 919, 927, 936, 1006, 1009, 1018, 1022, 1024, 1025, 1027, 1029, 1044, 1058, 1062, 1066
Little Russian, 445
Neo-Hebraic, 352, 409
Norwegian, 905
Old Norse, 504*
Pahlavi, 262
Persian, 203, 248, 267, 376, 445
Pict, 489
Polish, 445
Portuguese, 702
Provençal, 459. 904, 1057
Ruthenian, 445
Sanskrit, 244, 262
Saxon, 489, 905
Serbo-Croat, 445
Silesian, 905
Slavonic, 376, 445
Slovak, 445
Slovene, 445
Spanish, 95, 376, 910
Swedish, 905
Syriac, 121, 138, 239, 240, 912
Thuringian, 905
Tuscan, 905, 1057
Ukrainian, 445
Wendish, 445
West-phalian, 905
langue d’oc, 770, 904
Languedoc, 292, 393, 771, 773, 774, 778, 783, 803, 816, 1057
langue d’oïl, 904
Laon, 475, 476, 639, 864, 876, 914, 935, 940
Cathedral, 857, 859, 860, 865
“lapidaries,” 992
Lapo da Pistoia, 854
Lapo Gianni, 1057
Las Huelgas, 766
Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 314, 697
Last Judgment, 166, 184, 185, 211, 491, 732, 733, 849, 860, 867, 877, 881, 885, 889, 964, 1052, 1069
Last Supper, 748, 1046
Lat, al-, 161
Lateran Council, in 1057, 545
in 1059, 546
Second, 572, 707
Third, 387, 630-631, 768, 914
Fourth, 387, 388, 567, 606, 734, 739, 740, 741, 745, 763-764, 914, 954
Lateran Palace, Rome, 51, 538, 550
Latif, al-, 329
Latin, in Africa, 108-109
codices, 479
knowledge of, 926
modifications in, 903
script, 489
Latini, Brunetto, 696, 1015-1016, 1058, 1067, 1072
latrines, 611, 835, 1003
Latvians (Letts), 659
Lauda Sion (Aquinas), 897, 964, 1026
Laudibiliter (Hadrian IV), 681-682
law, Anglian, 486
Anglo-Saxon, 484, 486, 678, 830
anti-Jewish, 370, 373
barbarian, 637, 754, 844
Byzantine, 429, 434
codes, 434, 448, 451, 496, 784
commercial, 434, 620, 641, 680, 699
criminal, 360, 662, 830
Danish, 666
English, 567, 666, 672, 678-680, 905
European, 652, 1085
feudal, 375, 464, 547, 566-569, 679, 692, 917
forestry, 675
French, 696, 838
game, 840
Germanic, 486, 665, 667, 825
Han-seatic, 618
history of, 117
Icelandic, 504
international, 620
maritime, 506, 618, 620-621, 699
modification of, 352
moral, 353*, 809, 844
Moslem, 226, 227, 254, 276, 341, 348, 363
municipal, 681, 729
natural, 938, 939, 955, 956, 957, 975, 1063
Norman, 667*, 678
Norse, 506
Persian, 141, 348
Saxon, 486, 825
schools of, 226-227, 434, 496, 765, 916-917, 919, 923, 924
Spanish, 699
Venetian, 710, 711
Visi-gothic, 986
law, canon, 434, 547, 554, 572, 632, 668, 679, 680, 754-756, 759, 767, 779, 811, 822, 824, 825, 826, 914, 916, 918, 920, 923, 924, 928, 949, 1083
law, civil, 360, 365, 434, 566, 569, 572, 694, 777, 826, 923, 924, 1083
faculty of, 920
Law, Jewish, 351, 352, 353-364, 365, 375, 379, 380
food regulations of, 386
Mosaic, 367, 939
oral, 350, 351, 367, 368
Talmudic, 353-365, 366, 369
written, 350, 351, 368
law, Roman, 23, 89, 90, 107, 111, 434, 437, 566, 567, 568, 630, 637, 662, 665, 695, 699, 707, 718, 754, 756, 777, 781, 784, 824, 844, 917, 949, 1077
study of, 916
“law of wreck,” 620
Lawrence, St., 744
Laws (Plato), 240, 784
lawyers, 114, 338, 496, 690, 695, 696, 708, 757, 833, 917, 930, 1052
“Lay of the Battle of Maldon,” 489
Layamon, 1045
lazar houses, 194
Lea, Henry Charles, 781
Leaning Tower of Pisa, 865, 868
learning, 265, 293, 314, 319, 351, 369, 371, 378, 395, 466, 484, 513, 698, 720, 788, 795, 909, 930, 932, 935, 1006, 1008, 1020, 1052
leather industry, 284, 624, 635
lechery, 264, 487, 534, 822, 928, 1013
Lechfeld, 444, 512
Lecky, W. E. H., 757
“lectors,” 896
lectures, 309, 381, 528, 918 921, 928
legacies, 530-531, 766
Legenda aurea (Voragine), 1022
Legenda sanctorum (Voragine) 1022
legends, 364, 456, 497
Breton, 1042
of Mary, 747
of Santa Clara, 805-806
of St. Francis, 792*, 797
on tapestries, 851
legists, 347, 975
legitimacy, laws of, 755
Legnano, battle of, 641, 662, 761
Leibniz, G. W. von, 243, 739, 972
Leif Ericsson, 504
Leinster, 82, 496, 532, 682
Le Mans, 639, 672
Cathedral, 857
lenses, 288, 925, 995, 1011
Lent, 58, 60, 711, 748
Leo I, Emperor of the East, 97, 113
Leo I the Great, St., Pope, 40, 41, 49, 50, 51, 630, 933
Leo II the Magnificent, King of Armenia, 652
Leo III the Isaurian, Byzantine Emperor, 389, 425-426, 434
Leo III, St., Pope, 468-469, 525
Leo IV, Byzantine Emperor, 427, 937
Leo IV, St., Pope, 290, 530
Leo V, Byzantine Emperor, 428, 527-528
Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor, 429, 435
Leo VIII, Pope, 512, 538-539
Leo IX, St., Pope, 450, 452, 541, 542, 543-545, 737, 758, 764, 777, 937
Leo X, Pope, 919, 983, 1085
Leo XIII, Pope, 978, 1063
Leo the Deacon, 437
Leo, Friar, 795-796, 799
Leo of Salonika, 438
Leofric, Earl, 488
León, 294, 295, 373, 417, 459, 638, 702, 891, 919
Cathedral, 891-892
Council of, 459
Cortes of, 700
Leonardo da Vinci, 243, 289, 995
Leopold, Duke of Austria, 673
Leovigild, 95
leprosy, 357, 379, 794, 837, 1002, 1003, 1021, 1042, 1049
Lerida, 892, 919
Lérins, 57, 83
Lesser Armenia, 652, 653
Lethe, 1076
“Letter to the Princes and People of Italy” (Dante), 1063
lettering, “Gothic,” 906
Kufic, 273, 277, 317
letters of credit, 629
Levant, 465, 629
reopening of, 614
levirate, 362