Maccabees, 359
Macedonia, 3, 47, 369, 428, 434, 443, 657
Macedonius, 8
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 297, 724, 1062
“machines,” submarine, 1010
MacLiag, poet laureate, 498
MacMurrough, Dermot, 682
Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, 32, 87, 991
Madonna and Child with Angels (Cimabue), 855
madrasa, 317
Madrid, 257, 305
Maerlant, Jacob van, 686
Maestà (Duccio), 854-855
Maetani, Lorenzo, 889
Magan, 156
Magdeburg, 514, 618
Archbishop of, 758
Magellan, Ferdinand, 992, 1085
Maggior Consiglio, 709-710
Magi, 139, 141, 142
magic, 139, 217, 352, 357, 364, 417, 433, 970, 984, 985-986, 988, 989, 996, 1000, 1005, 1015, 1049
Magister Salernus, 997
Magna Carta, 464, 658, 690, 903, 1083
Magna moralia (Aristotle), 240
Magna moralia (Gregory I), 523
Magnaura, palace of, Constantinople, 439
magnets, 996
Magnus the Good, 503, 506
Magyars, 227, 444-445, 446, 475, 511-512, 575, 579, 637, 657, 658, 659-660, 831, 845
Mahasin, ibn-abi’l-, 330
Mahdi, al-, 197, 231-232, 280
Mahdi (Redeemer), 261
Mahmud, 203, 209, 231-232, 243, 244, 247, 268-269, 276
Mahon, 500
Maimon ben Joseph, 408
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon), 252, 257, 338, 368, 385-386, 395, 403, 405, 407-418, 776, 910, 953, 957, 963-964, 969, 977, 984, 1005
Maine, 689
barons of, 674
Mainz (Magontiacum), 37, 88, 369-370, 380, 390, 400-401, 465, 476, 511, 513-514, 516, 598, 619, 640, 1042
archbishop of, 758
Cathedral, 870
councils at, 543, 550, 740
Diet of, 514
maisons-Dieu, 809
Majorca, 373, 699, 979
Majorian, 42, 805
mal des ardents, 1003
Malachi, King of Meath, 500
Malaga, 298, 307, 315, 329, 371, 396
malaria, 379
Malatesta, Gianciotto, 1070
Paolo, 1070
Malcolm II, 501
Malcolm III, 502, 683
Malcolm IV, 683
Maldon, 485, 924
Malik ibn Anas, 226
Malik Shah, 308-309, 310, 312, 321, 338, 371
Malocello, Lanzarotte, 992
Malory, Sir Thomas, 81, 489, 1045, 1049, 1086
Malta, 289
Knights of, 610
Mamluks, 209, 312-313, 317, 340, 609, 653
Mamun, al-, 198, 200-202, 208, 218, 222, 227, 231, 240-242, 244, 247, 250-252, 280, 438, 911
Manfred, 612, 699, 719, 725-727, 765, 909, 1056, 1074
Mangu Khan, 1012
Mani, 139, 142, 150
Manicheans, 47, 64, 66, 67, 100, 112, 139, 142, 425, 528, 771, 777-778
manners, 137, 223, 263, 442, 487, 578, 819-844, 1084
manors, 558, 766, 785
Manrique, Bishop of Leon, 891
Mansur, Abu Jafar al-, 197, 200, 225, 232-233, 240-241, 250, 292
Mansur, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-, 338
Mansur, Muhammad ibn Abi Amir, al-, 262,* 294-295, 296, 297, 302-303, 306
Mansur, Nuh ibn, 247, 268
Mansur, Yaqub al-, 335
Mansura, 313, 608
Mansuri, al- (al-Razi), 203
Mantes, 668, 876
Mantiqal-Tayr (Farid al- Din Attar), 324
Mantua, 543, 549, 662, 712, 722, 916, 1057
Manual for Oculists (ibn Isa), 246
Manuel I Comnenus, 594, 595, 603, 650, 708
manufacturing, 436, 552, 700, 888
manumission, 77, 113
manuscripts, 277, 282, 285-286, 466, 500, 531, 536, 906
Arabic, 257
classic, 532, 818, 907
Greek, 443, 949
illuminated, 277, 287, 442, 479, 499, 516, 530, 846, 852
musical, 900-901
papal, 909
Turkish, 319
Manzikert, battle of, 308, 431, 586
Map, Walter, 787, 1045
mappae mundi, 994
maps, 242, 329, 992, 994
Maqamat (al-Hamadhani), 263
Maqamat (al-Hariri), 320
Maqqari, al-, 293, 295, 297, 298, 302, 306
Maqrizi, 287
marble, 432, 439, 455, 457, 858, 861, 869, 885, 888, 889
Marbod, Bishop of Rennes, 992
Marburg, 784
Marc Aurèle (Renan), 786*
Marcella, St., 51, 52, 55
Marcellinus, St., 67
Marcellus, 121
Marcian, 40
Marcus Aurelius, 14, 23, 73, 77, 101, 135, 843
Mardonius, 10
Margaret, Duchess of Brapant, 901
Margaret, Queen of Scotland, 683
Maria, wife of Honorius, 27
Marie, Countess of Champagne, 577-578, 1045, 1046
Marie de France, 1042-1043
Marienburg, 610
Marib, 156
Mariolatry, 49, 746
Mar-Isaac, 366
Maristan al-Mansur, Cairo, 330
maritime regulations, 620-621
mark, value of, 378*
Mark, King of Cornwall, 1049
Mark, St., 455
markets, 432, 434, 560, 643
Marmoutier, 57
Marozia, 538
marquetry, 287, 849
Marraqesh, 286, 316, 334, 335
Marraqushi, Hasan al-, 328
marriage, 77, 137, 181, 380-381, 387, 418, 505, 528, 576, 738, 741, 754, 755, 757, 764, 765, 823-825, 826, 937, 943, 1041
clerical, 541-542, 546, 548, 551, 668, 770
early, 362, 380
Islamic, 220-223
Jewish, 361-362
Mars, 137, 264, 987, 991
Marseille (Massalia), 30, 47, 57, 85, 404, 448, 591, 599, 606, 612, 615, 616, 617, 639, 648, 688, 771, 857, 868, 1085
Marsh, Adam, 925, 1006
Marsilius of Padua, 708
Martial, 76, 1018
Martianus Capella, 99, 915, 991
Martin I, St., 525
Martin IV, 713, 726
Martin V, 632
Martin, St., 47, 57, 94
Martin, Raymond, 919
Martinus, 916
Martorana, Palermo, 704-705, 852
martyrdom, 300, 301, 408, 945, 979-980
Mary, Virgin, 48, 69, 75, 77, 81, 127, 128, 131, 185-186, 230, 238, 401, 426, 496, 575, 576, 579, 691, 727, 732, 744, 746-748, 772, 796, 799, 826, 827, 841, 853, 860, 861, 886, 889, 895, 973*, 1018, 1024, 1038, 1054, 1079, 1084
Mary I, Queen of England, 680
Mary Magdalen, 743, 744
Mary, wife of Mohammed, 172
Mashallah, 403
Mashhad, 217, 231, 268, 317
Masjid al-Aqsa, Al-, Jerusalem, 228
Masjid al-Haram, 161
Masjid-i-Jami, Isfahan, 317
Maslama ibn Ahmad, 305
Mass, 75, 527, 740, 748-750, 768, 884, 895, 896
massacre, 295, 339, 340, 372, 379, 391, 474, 485, 500, 639, 648, 685, 726, 775
“Master of Hungary,” 647
masters, 922-924, 926, 927, 929
Masud II, 232, 243-244
Masudi, al-, 141, 201, 207, 238, 245, 262, 263
materialism, 331, 405, 955, 956
materia medica, 240, 249
Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 240
mathematics, 240, 244, 288, 321, 328, 372, 398, 403, 408, 437, 438, 497, 539, 720, 911, 919, 925, 980, 988, 989-992, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1022
Mathnawi-i-Ma’nawi (al-Rumi), 325
Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, 549, 726, 766, 827
Matilda, daughter of Henry I, 670
Matilda, Queen, 481, 668, 827, 851, 869
matter, 406, 955, 977, 994-997, 1004, 1009
Matthew, 353*, 794
Gospel of, 161
Maud, wife of Henry I, 669
Maurice, 146, 147, 150, 423
Mawsili, Ibrahim al-, 280
Maximus, Magnus Clemens, 25, 47, 80
Maximus of Ephesus, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20
May Day, 841
Mayeul, Abbot of Cluny, 537
Mazdak, 144, 209, 309
Meadows of Gold and Mines of Precious Stones (al-Masudi), 238, 262
measures and weights, 680, 685
Meath, 82, 496, 499
king of, 500
Mecca, 155*-157, 159-161, 162-171, 182, 183, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 207, 212, 213, 215, 220, 224, 228, 229, 230, 231, 236, 262, 266, 272, 273, 280, 331, 596, 597
mechanics, 990, 995