On the Principles of Nature (Aquinas), 966
On the Properties of Things (Bartholomew of England), 1015
On the Recovery of the Holy Land (Dubois), 696
On the Relics of Saints (Guibert), 745
On the Resurrection of the Dead (Maimonides), 413
On the Rule of Princes (Aquinas), 966
On the Soul (Aristotle), 240, 912, 966
On the Syllogism (al-Farabi), 911
On Truth (Aquinas), 966
On the Unity of the Intellect Against Averroes (Albertus Magnus), 957
On the Unity of the Intellect Against the Averroists (Aquinas), 962
On the Unity of the Intellect (Aquinas), 966
On Virtues (Aquinas), 966
On the Mind (Aquinas), 966
oneiromancy, 987
opals, 992
operations, 437, 720, 1000, 1001
opthalmology, 246, 330, 403
Oporto (Portus Cale), 701*
optics, 289, 403, 995-996, 988, 1007, 1008, 1010, 1011-1012, 1084
Optics (al-Kindi), 251
Optics (Ptolemy), 912
Opus maius (Roger Bacon), 289, 1011-1012, 1014, 1015
Opus minus (Roger Bacon), 1007, 1008-1009
Opus tertium (Roger Bacon), 1007, 1011
oratory, 528, 903, 915
Orcagna, Andrea, 889
orchestras, 280
“ordeals of God,” 567-568
order, 470, 485, 579, 811, 817, 969
moral, 332, 535, 536, 818, 820, 933, 945
orders, mendicant, 779, 806, 1085
military, 659
monastic, 693, 758, 768, 785, 786*, 791-792
military religious, 697
“Ordinance of Omar,” 333
ordinances, 374, 641, 813
Ordericus Vitalis, 571, 742, 833, 907, 1019
Orestes, prefect of Alexandria, 122-123
Orestes, regent of Italy, 42
Organon (Aristotle), 3, 99, 250, 949
organs (biology), 357
organs (music), 279, 902
Organum, 899
Oribasius, 120, 121, 437
Orient, 127, 405, 441, 992, 1010
spices from, 836
Origen, 46, 55, 733
Orlandi, Guido, 1057
Orleans, 92, 474, 481, 639, 648, 697, 769, 771, 778, 914, 916, 923, 1025, 1051
Council of, 387, 630
University of, 926, 1018
“Ormsby Psalter,” 853
Ormuzd, 137, 139, 140, 147
ornament, Arabic, 846
Byzantine, 442, 449
Gothic, 875, 888, 892
Moorish, 291
Romanesque, 846
Orosius, 30, 69, 484
Orontes River, 33, 328, 591
O’Rourke, Tiernan, 682
orphans, 379, 433, 531, 652, 755, 824, 831, 1002
Orseolo II, Peter, 454, 455
orthodoxy, 265, 267, 309, 311, 333, 341, 437, 776, 783, 811, 907, 923, 939, 954, 1008, 1015, 1068
Christian, 250, 977
Islamic, 331, 332, 405
Orvieto, 770, 958, 962
Cathedral, 811, 862, 888, 889
Osier, Sir William, 885
Ossian, 498
Ostia, 41, 290, 616
Ostrogoths, 22, 24, 25, 28, 97, 107, 109, 110, 117
Oswald, King of Northumberland, 534
Othman ibn Affan, 175, 190-191, 193, 304
Otranto, 403, 404, 440, 633
Otrar, 339
Otto I the Great, 444, 450, 469, 511-512, 515, 538-539, 564, 568
Otto II, 512, 536, 857
Otto III, 512-513, 539, 540
Otto IV, 685, 690, 714, 715, 763, 778
Otto, Bishop of Constance, 546
Otto of Freising, 1020
Ottokar I, 660, 1075
Ottokar II, 660
Ottoman Turks, 171*, 313
Ourique, battle of, 702
Ovid, 787, 907, 915, 939, 1018, 1053, 1070, 1085
Oviedo, 458
Cathedral, 891
oxen, 298, 559, 645
Oxford, 487, 622, 628, 635, 640, 672, 676, 784, 853, 903, 908, 915, 922, 955, 979, 980, 990, 995, 998, 1006, 1014
University, 135, 914, 924-926, 927, 928, 929, 977
Oxus River, 142, 144, 193, 203
Pachomius, St., 51, 57, 59
Pachymeres, George, 949
Paderborn, 462, 463, 468
Padua, 451, 453, 616, 662, 708, 712, 722, 723, 919, 960, 998, 1062
University of, 338, 414, 956
paganism, 7-10, 18, 35, 73, 75, 76, 126-127, 425, 426, 451, 456, 462, 464, 483, 503, 529, 530, 553, 907, 916, 945, 974, 976, 977, 986
pageantry, 432, 433, 752-753, 839, 840, 858
pages, 566, 572
painting, 270, 276, 286, 287, 319, 491, 686, 748, 752, 802, 846-847, 851-857, 860, 889, 1028, 1085
Byzantine, 133
Islamic, 276, 319
Italian, 855
mural, 853-856, 857
Renaissance, 455, 727
Roman, 854
Sasanian, 149
Palace School, Carolingian, 476, 478
palaces, 263, 271, 274, 279, 282, 291, 293, 296, 302, 316, 429, 432, 435, 444, 449, 454, 456, 466, 657, 888
Palencia, 802, 919
Palermo (Panormus, Balerm), 282, 289, 290, 329, 374, 388, 403, 457, 624, 642, 680, 703, 714, 717, 726, 911
University of, 291
Palestine, 55, 69, 117, 125, 151, 156*, 161, 196, 206, 218, 226, 227, 229, 238, 273, 285, 292, 312, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 356, 367, 384, 385, 391, 392, 402, 404, 408, 411, 414, 415, 585, 588, 592, 593, 596, 597, 599, 601, 603, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 612, 616, 651, 673, 691, 716, 717, 752, 792, 827, 865, 980, 982, 992, 1006, 1020
Palestrina, 812, 1085
“palimpsest,” 906
Palladius, 41, 83, 84
Pallavicino, Oberto, 725, 783, 1085
Palm Sunday, 393, 751
Palma, 892, 919, 979
palmers, 585
Palmyra, 143, 201, 242
Pamiers, abbey of, 773
Pamplona, 458, 462
Pandectae, 111, 434
Pandnama (Sa’di), 326
Pandulf, Duke of Capua, 543, 675
Pange lingua (Aquinas), 751
Pange lingua (Fortunatus), 94
pantomimes, 433
Pannonia, 37, 57, 97, 434, 444, 446, 451
pantheism, 324, 810, 955, 1013
Pantheon, Rome, 126, 130, 131, 530
Panticapeum (Kerch), 446
papacy, 452, 456, 461, 469, 511, 513, 521, 524-527, 530, 537-541, 543, 544, 566, 628, 638, 662, 664, 678, 694, 695, 697, 699, 714, 715, 717, 722, 723, 726, 729, 758, 759-765, 767, 783, 803, 811-816, 852, 899, 909, 917, 923, 983, 1008, 1012, 1013, 1020, 1062, 1063, 1082, 1083
Papak, 142
papal bulls, 668
legates, 549, 551, 668, 677, 779
Papal League, 727
Papal States, 389, 512, 543, 545, 663, 706-708, 714, 715, 716, 717, 725, 730, 761, 763, 812, 813, 1063
paper, 236, 304, 319, 624, 906
Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), 418
Paraclete (oratory), 941, 942, 944, 947-948
paradise, 179, 181, 182, 337, 341, 368, 413, 896, 1009, 1050, 1052, 1067, 1069, 1070, 1076, 1077, 1080
Paradise Lost (Milton), 270, 1022
Paradiso (Dante), 72*, 1061, 1065, 1067
paralysis, 330, 791
“pardoners,” 740
parentage, 76, 360, 361, 380, 382, 757*, 785, 823
Paris (Lutetia), 12, 81, 92, 122, 150, 263, 388, 402, 403, 414, 415, 432, 461, 474, 475, 476, 481, 615, 621, 624, 635, 642, 647, 648, 670, 674, 680, 688, 696, 697, 717, 776, 814, 822, 823, 826, 827, 831, 835, 840, 849, 850, 876, 877, 882, 903, 914, 915, 918, 919, 920, 934, 935, 937, 939, 948, 951, 955-956, 959, 960, 962, 979, 980, 982*, 990, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1006, 1029, 1036, 1052, 1070
Cathedral, see Notre Dame, Paris
Council of, 838, 955-956
Paris, University of, 246, 247, 287, 404, 675, 920, 922*-929, 931, 936, 954, 956-957, 959, 962, 977, 1001
Paris Company for the Transit of Merchandise by Water, 634
Paris Psalter, 441
Paris, Matthew, 612, 627, 720, 725, 767, 803, 850, 920, 926, 1020
parishes, 758, 765, 863
Parliament, 119, 365, 459, 486, 646, 678, 679, 700, 822, 823, 826, 858, 1083