Remy of Auxerre, 476
Renaissance, 79, 111, 122, 316, 343, 456, 578, 613, 637, 649, 665, 719, 724, 731, 764, 771, 854, 862, 873, 890, 906, 913, 923, 982, 1027, 1082, 1085, 1086
Byzantine, 437-443
Carolingian, 471
Italian, 240, 650, 854, 1085-1086
Macedonian, 432
Ottonian, 512, 514, 913
Persian, 136
of the twelfth century, 949
Renan, Ernest, 87, 786*
“Renegades,” 299
rent, 555, 631, 632, 786
Representation of Adam, 1028
representative institutions, 699, 700
Republic (Plato), 240, 506
reredos, 455, 866
residence halls, 924, 927
responsa, 111-112
responses, antiphonal, 896, 1027
resurrection, 266, 331, 367, 735, 816, 955, 958, 1077
Reuchlin, Johann, 365, 418
Reval, 664, 666
revenues, 297-298, 369, 432, 442, 484, 521, 552, 718, 764-766, 767
Church, 521, 766, 813
college, 924
ecclesiastical, 758, 814, 831
local, 713, 831
royal, 465, 566, 690
revolt, 295, 372, 373, 426, 427, 430, 431, 436, 438, 462, 619, 672, 682, 982, 1061, 1064
Ghibelline, 729
Guelf, 729
Lombard, 664, 761
Magyar, 658
in Palermo, 726
Saxon, 549
of thanes, 666
of workers, 655
revolution, 262, 428, 442, 538, 637, 638, 808, 854, 987, 1065
Abbasid, 292
agricultural, 643-646
architectural, 317, 870
economic, 613-649, 915
Gothic, 875
legal, 678
mathematical, 989-992
medical, 404
musical, 899-900
religious, 314
scientific, 1009
Spanish, 296
rewards, 355, 360, 368, 944, 1067
Reynard the Fox, 1053-1054
Reza Khan, 274*
rhapsodes, Greek, 1054
Rhazes, see Razi, al-
Rhenish League, 619
rhetoric, 288, 305, 466, 915, 918, 944
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 912
Rhine River, 12, 22, 25, 27, 37, 38, 40, 88, 389, 473, 510, 511, 531, 589, 606, 614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 642, 645, 665, 685, 686, 690, 695, 809, 1032-1033, 1034, 1035
Rhineland, 91, 391, 589, 646, 685-687
Rhodes, 289, 431, 434, 616, 620
Knights of, 610
Rhodri the Great, 496
Rhone River, 12, 33, 292, 473, 474, 617, 645, 665
rhyme, 263, 264, 750, 1022-1023, 1066
Rhys ab Gruffydd, 684
rhythm, 264, 279, 490, 896, 900, 1022
Rialto, Venice, 710, 453
rich (class), 350, 378, 390, 433, 437, 451, 454, 487, 527, 648, 654, 833
Richalm, monk, 734
Richard I Coeur de Lion, 310, 375, 392, 414, 485, 599-602, 638, 672-673, 674, 682, 683, 695, 808, 828, 892, 1036, 1037
Richard II, Duke of Normandy, 492
Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, 564, 1049
Richard of St. Victor, 750, 958
Ricimer, 23, 42
Riga, 618, 659, 664
Rigaud, Bishop of Rouen, 806
Rimini, 616, 708, 770
Ring of the Nibelungs (Wagner), 1032
rings, 833, 849, 986
Risalat al-Ghufran (al-Ma‘arri), 1068
ritual, 185, 358, 364, 382, 417, 463, 745, 863, 900, 985, 986, 1022
burlesques of, 841-842
Catholic, 748-754
Christian, 896
Church, 754
dedication, 867
Jewish, 356-359
of knighthood, 572-573
murders, 388, 389, 391, 721, 780
Talmudic, 356-359
Riza, Iman, 217
tomb of, 317
roadhouse signs, 614*
roads, 308, 465, 500, 536, 552, 559, 560, 621, 718, 829, 903
“Robber Synod,” 49
robbery, 265, 410, 542, 575, 829, 842, 928, 1072
Robert I, Duke of Normandy, 480, 481
Robert II the Pious, King of France, 480
Robert II, Duke of Normandy, 668-669
Robert, King of Naples, 1000
Robert of Arbrissol, 791
Robert of Chester, 911, 991
Robert of Clari, 433
Robert de Coucy, 880
“Robert the Dominican,” 780
Robert of England, 995
Robert de Luzarches, 881
Robert of Molesmes, 788
Robert the Strong, 475
Robin Hood, 648, 667*
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 334
Roccasecca, 961, 962
Roch, St., 743
Rochester Cathedral, 871, 883
rock reliefs, Persian, 149
Roderick, 97
Roffredus, 918-919
Roger II, 329, 510, 703-705, 714, 717, 773
Roger, Bishop of London, 628
Roger, Count of Béziers, 291, 775
Roger of Salerno, 999, 1000
Roland, 462, 464, 570, 576, 822, 1030-1031
Rollo (Rolf) of Normandy, 510, 669, 674
Roman d’Alixandre (Lambert, Alexander), 1044
Roman Empire, 4, 19, 23, 25, 26, 28-31, 36, 37, 79, 88, 117, 141, 186, 510, 624, 663, 817, 843, 903, 1077, 1082
Eastern, 609-610, 857
Holy, 662
Western, 28-43, 609
Roman Republic, 513, 538, 707, 817
Roman de la Rose, 697, 767, 1044, 1051-1053
Roman de Troie, 1044
romance, 497, 578, 832, 949, 1085
age of, 1019-1055
philosophical, 334-335
religious, 979
Romance of Layla and Majnun (Nizami), 324
romances, 1018-1022, 1042-1051, 1054
Arabic, 300
Arthurian, 1085
cycle of, 1044-1045
Greek, 1044
medieval, 576
Oriental, 611
Romanesque, 127, 450, 452, 457, 479, 516, 859, 861, 865-866, 868-870, 874, 877, 883, 884, 891, 892, 895, 897
Norman, 494
Rhenish, 516
Romans, 16, 23, 27, 30, 35-36, 39, 41, 80, 81, 89, 95, 98, 99, 118, 134, 136, 140, 202, 225, 303, 328, 386, 430, 456, 468, 495, 537-542, 550-551, 558, 662, 701*, 706, 784, 831, 908, 945, 984, 989, 990, 1002, 1022
Romantic movement, 578, 894
Romanus I Lecapenus, 435
Romanus II Argyrus, 429, 430, 512
Romanus III, 430
Romanus IV Diogenes, 308, 431
Romanus, monk, 135, 895
Romaunt of the Rose (tr. Chaucer)* 1052*
Rome, 3, 16, 23, 26, 27-28, 30, 31-32, 33-36, 38, 39, 40, 41-43, 44, 45, 46, 50-51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 76, 87, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 109-110, 115, 118, 120, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145-147, 149, 156, 201, 202, 204, 216, 284, 290, 297, 340, 379, 381, 389, 396, 404, 426, 432, 440, 450, 452, 453, 456, 458, 465, 467, 468-469, 471, 474, 495, 501, 512, 517, 520, 521, 522, 526, 527, 529, 530, 533, 535, 537-541, 544, 545, 547, 549, 550, 552, 588, 612, 616, 621, 629, 633, 642, 651, 653, 662, 672, 674, 680, 681, 682, 697, 706, 707, 713, 716, 729, 730, 753, 756, 759, 760, 765, 767, 770, 776, 791, 798, 803, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 823, 831, 845, 849, 857, 893, 903, 904, 906, 911, 916, 935, 966, 979, 998, 1000, 1002, 1003, 1023, 1039*, 1064, 1078, 1082, 1085, 1086
churches in, 127, 439, 846, 852, 1002
synod at, 548, 549, 788, 1059
University of, 811, 919
Romulus Augustulus, 42
Roncesvalles, battle of, 462, 1030
roofs, 643, 865-867, 870, 871, 879, 880
rosary, 742
Roscelin, Jean, 697, 808, 931, 932, 940, 949, 953
rose windows, 875, 880, 881
Rosh-ha-Shana, 359
Rostislav, Prince, 535
Rostov, 448, 656
rota system, 653
Rotharis, 633
Rothschild, Meyer Amschel, 380
Rouen, 473, 475, 476, 492, 494, 615, 617, 618, 639, 643, 648, 668, 674, 882, 1037
Cathedral, 857, 859, 882
Round Table, 575, 1045
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 78
Rua, 38
Ruadhan, St., 84
Rubaiyat (Omar Khayyam), 248, 322-323
Rudagi, 267-268
Rüdiger, Bishop of Speyer, 389
Rudolf I, 660, 664, 811, 1074
Rudolf I, King of Burgundy, 686
Rudolf III, King of Burgundy, 686
Rudolf of Swabia, 550
Rufinus, 26, 51, 55, 59, 60
rugs, 272, 278, 287, 318, 319, 851
Rügen, 666
naval battle of, 503