rule, monastic, 536, 756, 785, 787, 788, 798
“Rum,” sultanate of, 311
Rumaykiyya, 297
Rumi, Jalal ud-din al-, 245, 312, 324-325, 339, 340
Runnymede, 676, 677
runes, 509
Rural Code, 434
Rurik, 448
Rus, 447, 448
Rusafa, 232, 233
Ruskin, John, 881
Russia, 3, 24, 39, 43, 62*, 204, 209, 367, 432, 443, 444, 446-448, 473, 502, 510, 535, 536, 544, 615, 616, 617, 619, 653-657, 658, 659, 832, 895, 1082
Russians, 4, 436, 442, 586
Russkaya Pravda, 653
Rustam, 151-152, 269, 270
Rutebeuf, 746
Ruthard, Archbishop of Mainz, 390
Ruthwell, 491
Ryazan, 653, 656
Saad, 151-152
Saadia ben Joseph al-Fayyumi (Saadia Gaon), 367-368, 405, 417
Saale River, 510, 550
Sabaeans, 156, 218, 243
Sabbah, Hasan ibn al-, 309-310
Sabbath, 185, 358, 382, 386, 410
saboraim, 352
Sachsenspiegel, 665
“Sacramentary” (Hadrian I), 748
sacraments, 523, 528, 529, 707, 732, 738-742, 769, 985, 1054
sacrifice, animal, 348, 356
human, 507
sacrilege, 277, 755
Sadducees, 350, 367
Sa‘d ibn Zangi, Atabeg, 326
Sa‘ di (Musharrif ud-Din ibn Muslih ud-Din Abdallah), 197, 312, 325-328, 379
Sadillot, 242
Sadiq, Jafar al-, 261
Saemund the Wise, 508
Saffah, al- (Abu al-Abbas), 196-197
Saffarids, 202
“Saga of Olaf Tryggvesson” (Snorri), 504
sagas, 496, 822, 1030-1036
Sahara Desert, 155, 284
Sahdi, Ibrahim al-, 329
Sahih (al-Bukhari), 211
Said ibn Judi, 306
St. Albans, 377, 871, 1020
St. André (Aube), 627
“St. Anthony’s fire,” 1002
St. David’s, 496
Cathedral, 871
St. Denis, 476, 876, 882
abbey of, 461, 694, 696, 743, 786, 791, 847, 852, 876-877, 938, 940
St. Gall, 384, 466, 476, 533, 564, 786, 1028
St. Gildas (Morbihan), 942
St. Giles, prior of, 816
St. Gilles (Gard), 774
St. Gotthard Pass, 533, 621
St. John’s Eve, 745
St. Mark’s, Venice, 440, 441, 455, 605, 709, 868
mosaics of, 851-852
St. Omer, 671, 853
St. Peter’s, Rome, 36, 127, 520, 530, 544, 550, 707, 865
abbey of, 839
church of, 100, 290
spire of, 882
St. Peter’s Church, Glastonbury, 486
St. Quentin, 623, 639, 690
St. Riquier, abbey of, 786
St. Sophia, Constantinople, 5, 62, 63-64, 105, 106, 117, 126, 129-131, 148, 155, 205, 231, 432, 438, 439, 455, 605, 856, 896
St. Victor, monastery of, 750, 808, 921, 934
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 87
Sainte Chapelle, Paris, 694, 849, 875, 882
saints, 261, 310, 332, 3-33, 342, 426, 456, 515, 523, 527, 531, 736, 743, 745, 769, 797, 802, 806, 807, 853, 857, 863, 867, 891, 896, 1029, 1054, 1079
saints’ days, 1022
Saisset, Bernard, 814
Sala (Ijssel) River, 88
Saladin, 108, 223, 229, 286, 310-311, 312, 313, 317, 318, 333, 366, 408, 413, 596-598, 600-602, 673, 715, 827, 828, 955, 1020
Salamanca, 903, 979
cathedrals at, 891
University of, 919
Salerno, 290, 291, 403, 404, 452, 456, 457, 616, 703, 923, 1001
school at, 370, 997, 998, 999
Salic Law, 88-90, 696
Salih, al-, 312
Salimbene, Fra, 694, 713, 765, 804, 830, 1019
Salisbury, 640, 667, 951
Cathedral, 883, 885
Sallust, 72, 1018
Salonika (Thessalonica), 25-26, 132, 436, 440, 453, 535, 616, 619, 651, 657, 739
salvation, 260, 355, 941, 976, 1075
Salvation Army preachers, 733*
Salvian, 29, 30, 65
Salvino d’Amarto, 996
Salzburg, 622
Archbishop of, 758
Council of, 1025
Samanids, 203, 206
Samarkand, 49, 194, 206-207, 231, 236-237, 339, 340
Samarra, 201, 275, 276
Great Mosque of, 273
Samo, 660
Samson, Abbot of Bury St. Edmund’s, 786, 926
Samuel, Tsar of Bulgaria, 430, 446
Samuel Halevi (Ismail ibn Naghdela), 296, 371, 396, 397
Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, 413, 910
Samuel ben Meir, 401
San Germano, Treaty of, 717
San Gimignano, 835, 892
Sancho I, King of León, 459
Sancho I, King of Navarre, 293
Sancho III the Great, King of Navarre, 458
sanctity, 442, 468, 786, 791, 810, 844, 945, 946
sanctuary, 567, 753
Sängerkrieg, 1039
sanitation, 681, 835, 1003
Santa Claus, 62*
Santayana, George, 336*
Santiago de Compostela, 295, 638
Cathedral, 458, 869
Santiago, Knights of, 697
Saône River, 473, 475, 481, 617
Sapienza, Rome, 919
sapphires, 992
Sappho, 907, 1086
Saracens, 157, 244, 245, 290, 387, 403, 425, 453, 454, 462, 464, 468, 474, 519, 529, 530, 538, 554, 572, 575, 592, 593, 597, 601, 617, 692, 713, 716, 717, 719, 811, 906, 979, 980
Saragossa, 95, 292, 307, 334, 396, 404, 462, 697
Sarai, 656
Sardica (Sofia), 104, 443
Council of, 533
Sardinia, 27, 110, 116, 289, 349, 474, 606, 616, 760
Sargent, John Singer, 318
Sarre, Friedrich, 275
Sarton, George, 239*
Sarus, 36
Sarvistan, 148
Sasanians, 136-150, 225, 232, 275
Satan, 47, 73, 77, 126, 137, 216, 259, 354, 489, 733-734, 736, 769, 825, 909, 933, 967, 970, 984, 986, 1021, 1068
satire, 263, 786, 804, 841, 1025, 1051-1055
Saturn, 987
heaven of, 1078
Saturnalia (Macrobius), 32
Sauda, 166, 167
Sava, St., 657
Savonarola, Girolamo, 76, 568, 834, 890
Saxo Grammaticus, 89, 1019
Saxons, 22, 43, 80, 81, 89, 107, 450, 461, 462, 483, 492, 501, 510, 513, 514, 532, 533, 535, 665, 683, 832, 905, 1045
Saxony, 444, 462, 473, 483, 511, 514, 550, 623, 646, 661
Sayfu’l-Dawla al-Hamadani, 202, 253, 264
Scala, Can Grande della, 731, 1065, 1066, 1067
scalds, 509, 1032, 1054
Scandinavia, 208, 432, 448, 450, 451, 473, 502, 509, 617, 618, 646, 656-666, 903, 984
Scandinavians, 473, 504*
Schedula diversarium artium (Theophilus), 847
Scheldt River, 473, 617, 618, 685
Schiller, J. C. F. von, 664, 1039
schism, 469, 528-529, 1072
Eastern, 544-545
Schleswig, 80, 504*
Schnoudi (Schenute), St., 51
scholars, 270*, 288, 291, 304-306, 340-342, 347-349, 410, 437, 465, 466, 476, 484, 497, 501, 515, 526, 532, 719, 720, 903, 909, 914, 967-968, 1009, 1051
Babylonian, 366
Christian, 386, 698
German, 960
Islamic, 235-239, 328-331, 373, 698
Jewish, 370, 373, 386, 388, 396, 414, 698, 721, 910
Spanish, 401
wandering, 379, 746, 767, 900, 1018
scholarship, 270*, 650
scholarships, 288, 371, 922, 926
Scholastica, St., 805
Scholasticism, 252, 257, 406, 524, 917, 921, 940, 955, 958-961, 979, 982-983, 1015, 1084
schools, 304, 313, 317, 340, 347, 348, 349, 466, 484, 488, 497, 500, 513, 536, 578, 636, 640, 642, 652, 755, 818, 908, 912-915, 916, 927*, 928, 929, 949, 953, 979, 1002, 1018, 1085
“abacus,” 915
for boys, 449
bardic, 497-498
cathedral, 466, 666, 914, 915, 916, 919, 920
of church music, 897
Dominican, 922, 960
Irish, 531
Italian, 904
Jewish, 351, 371, 383, 404, 416
medical, 456, 956
monastic, 476, 481, 501, 514, 666, 903, 913
Moslem, 252, 333, 457
Roman, 913
schoolteachers, 291, 828
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 71
Schwabenspiegel, 665
science, 121-122, 243, 285, 293, 305, 312, 331, 332, 333, 336, 341, 353, 371, 372, 395, 405, 415-416, 418, 438, 450, 457, 470, 476, 497, 528, 719-720, 795, 802, 807, 844, 879, 903, 911, 912, 925, 933, 934, 949, 956, 961, 980, 984, 988, 1003-1004, 1007, 1010, 1015, 1016, 1058, 1067, 1068, 1084, 1085