Torah, 250, 350, 353, 354, 356, 359, 361, 368, 388, 410, 411, 416
Torcello Cathedral, 851
Torel, William, 861
torture, 378, 391, 423, 427, 569, 680, 725, 765, 781-782, 784, 785, 830, 1083
Tostig, 493, 494-495
tosaphists, 401
Totila, 110
Toulouse, 36, 37, 85, 91, 393, 474, 480, 588, 697, 769, 771, 775, 776, 783, 803, 822, 922, 923, 1036, 1039
Touraine, 688, 690
Tournai, 37, 91, 476, 618, 623, 639, 640, 648
Cathedral, 870
tournaments, 562, 573-574, 576, 752, 780, 834, 839, 1037
Tours, 57, 92-93, 292, 458, 461, 466, 474, 476, 479, 514, 586, 588, 638, 753, 766, 856, 914, 918, 932
Cathedral, 857
Tower of London, 681, 684, 893
towers, 315-316, 859, 865, 868, 870-872, 877, 878, 883, 886, 888, 891, 892, 1085
town halls, 844, 888
tracery, 872, 875, 877
Tractatus de erroribus medicorum (Roger Bacon), 1013
Tractatus de sphaera (John of Holywood), 990
trade, 119, 120, 298, 308, 343, 375, 432, 454, 485, 506, 514, 552, 560, 612-615, 618, 664, 686, 690, 703, 710, 712, 718, 728, 828, 845, 888, 975, 1084
Arabian, 157
Baltic, 619
Byzantine, 436, 616
Christian, 343
English, 634, 669
European, 617, 619
Florentine, 728
German, 618
Islamic, 207-209
Italian, 245, 614, 627
Jews in, 376, 395
Mediterranean, 603, 654, 1086
monastic, 792
Norwegian, 666
river, 617-618
routes, 118, 119, 120, 143, 156, 204, 376, 616
Russian, 447-448
Spanish, 373, 700
trademark, 635-636
Trajan, 14, 19, 33, 1078
Trani, 370, 434
Transcaspian region, 243
transepts, 865, 870, 877, 882, 885
transition style, 874, 876
translations, 240-241, 342, 403, 405, 457, 476, 907, 909-913, 917* 949, 955, 989
Transoxiana, 203, 204, 242, 273, 278, 308, 319, 339, 341, 369
transport, 207, 450, 565, 617, 621
transubstantiation, 735, 740-741, 763, 889, 955
Transylvania, 659
travel, 207, 379, 387, 404, 616-619, 621-622, 839, 994
Travels (Marco Polo), 242
Trdat, 205
treason, 428, 431, 683, 776, 779
treasuries, 318, 813, 850, 893, 996
Treatise on Laws (Glanville), 678
Treatise on the [Earthly] Sphere (Sacrobosco), 990
Treatise on Love and Its Cure (Capellanus), 577
Treatise on Smallpox and Measles (al-Razi), 247
Trebizond, 145, 617, 651, 993
Tree of Jesse, 880
Trent, Council of, 741, 824, 978
Tresor (Brunetto), 1015-1016, 1058
Treviso, 662, 708, 722-723
March of, 712
trial, 89-90, 114, 927, 945
by combat, 464, 568, 691, 718, 829, 839, 844
by duel, 531
by evidence, 691
by jury, 448, 677
by ordeal, 341, 531, 567-568, 718, 721, 779, 844
tribes, 157, 424, 431, 445, 465, 497, 653
Tribonian, 111-112
tribunals, 668, 679
tribunes, 454, 707, 729
Tribur, 549
tribute, 296, 306, 459, 460, 474, 500, 656, 682, 702, 760
Trier, 31, 37, 40, 47, 51, 55, 57, 85, 390, 474, 476, 514, 516, 640, 686
Cathedral, 870
triforium, 867, 872, 873, 877, 884, 885
trigonometry, 241, 242, 328, 911, 991
Trinitarians, order of, 792
Trinity, 8, 57, 61, 68, 99, 100, 107, 112, 354, 417, 442*, 478, 746, 771, 907, 932, 940, 941, 946, 951, 964, 967, 980, 985, 1009, 1066, 1067
Tripoli, 230, 316, 703
mosques of, 286
Tripolis, 592, 596, 598
Tristan, 1048-1049, 1070
Tristan (Chrétien), 1045
Tristram, 575, 1019, 1045
trivium, 99, 915
Trnovo, 657
Troilus and Cressida (Shakespeare), 1045
Trojans, 1019, 1044
“tropes,” 897, 1028
Trosle, synod at, 475
Trotula on the Cure of Diseases of Women, 998
troubadours, 264, 306, 342, 563, 576, 578, 672, 697, 701, 702, 711, 731, 767, 771, 772, 776, 793, 826, 828, 901, 904, 905, 949, 1016, 1020, 1036-1039 1042, 1054, 1056-1059, 1068, 1085, 1086
trouvères, 563, 697, 828, 1020, 1042, 1044, 1045, 1054, 1055, 1058
trovatori, 901, 1042, 1066
Troyes, 40, 41, 401, 615, 618, 623, 643, 941, 1045
fairs of, 395
Truce of God, 513, 572, 614, 755
True Cross, 147, 151, 597, 599, 607, 694, 743, 744
Tsüan Tsung, 198
Tuathal, 82
tuberculosis, 330, 1002
Tughril Beg, 204, 308, 312, 317
Tulun, Ahmad ibn, 210, 284
mosque of ibn, 273, 286, 287, 874
tumors, 330
Tunis, 202, 208, 230, 282, 283, 316, 703, 909, 980
mosques of, 273-274, 286
Tunisia, 109, 273, 284, 290, 314, 606, 608, 617, 692, 694, 703, 705, 980
Turin, 712, 722
Turkestan, 150, 196, 203, 204, 209, 211, 253, 366, 443, 447, 616, 655
Turkey, 367, 652, 874
Turks, 131*, 146, 152, 202, 203, 209, 216, 252, 269, 270, 285, 311, 317, 328, 389, 393, 431, 586, 589, 591, 605-606, 608, 610, 650, 652, 657, 817
Khwarazmian, 607
Seljuq, 204, 276, 585, 586, 590
Turpin, Archbishop, 1030, 1031
Turshiz, mosque of, 274
Tus, 200, 268, 269, 319, 331
Tuscan League, 756
Tuscany, 538, 545, 578, 638, 726, 730, 761, 788*, 813, 847, 892, 959, 1056, 1057
Tusculum, counts of, 540
Twenty Books of Etymologies or Origins (Isidore of Seville), 96
Two Sicilies, 703, 715, 717, 726, 761, 908
Tyconius, 73
tyranny, 464, 648, 724, 817, 819, 858
Tyre, 7, 207, 229, 278, 375, 399, 592, 598, 600, 601, 609, 710
Ubaldini, Cardinal, 956
Ukaz, 157, 158, 159, 161
Ukraine, 24, 444, 447, 654
Ulfilas, 46-47
Ulrich von Lichtenstein, 1041-1042
Ulster, 82, 496, 498, 682
Umayya, 162, 166
Umayyads, 191, 192-196, 217, 218, 219, 225, 228, 230, 231, 239, 240, 276, 280, 292, 297
Umbria, 708, 798, 799
Unam sanctam (Boniface VIII), 814
unemployment, 296, 654
unicorn, 994
United States, 85, 90*, 120, 208*
universe, 337, 353*, 354, 406, 477, 844, 964, 1016
Universal History (Eunapius), 125
Universal History (Orosius), 484
universals, 931-933, 938, 981, 1013
universitas, 920
universities, 124, 415, 642, 697, 755, 765, 803, 818, 822, 841, 882, 903, 908, 912, 916-919, 926, 930, 949, 987, 988, 1013, 1018, 1024, 1084, 1086
Christian, 335, 404
French, 940
German, 920, 1025
Moslem, 121, 287-288, 336
in Spain, 701
Unter den Linden (Wolfram), 1040
upper classes, 234, 440, 706, 778, 805, 832, 836, 1042
Uppsala, 502, 659, 903
Urals, 447, 655
Urban II, Blessed, 183, 389, 546, 586-588, 589. 688, 740, 817
Urban IV, 725-726, 728, 752, 889, 954
urinalysis, 247, 998-999
Ursinus, 50
Usaybia, ibn Abi, 319
usurers, 377, 392, 627-628, 630, 631, 632, 755, 975, 1065, 1072
Utrecht, 534, 686
Valencia, 296, 298, 304, 315, 373, 460, 617, 624, 638, 697, 698, 699, 892, 1000
Valenciennes, 463, 476, 618
Valens, 24-25, 31, 62, 123
Valentinian I, 29, 34, 77, 86, 123
Valentinian II, 25-26, 35, 127
Valentinian III, 37, 38, 39-40, 41, 50, 56
Valerian, 143
Valerius, Bishop of Hippo, 67
Valhalla, 507, 508, 510
Valkyries, 507-508
Valla, Lorenzo, 526*
Valladolid, 919
Cortes of, 375
Vallejo, Juan de, 891
Vallombrosa, order of, 787
Valois dynasty, 696
Vandals, 4, 22, 28, 37-38, 48, 73, 74, 95, 107, 109, 450, 453, 510, 579, 605
Varangians (Vaeringjar), 447-448
Varro, Marco Terentius, 466, 915