Permissions
Section One (between pages 184–185)
1. Private collection. Photo © Christie’s Images/ The Bridgeman Art Library2. Private collection. Photo © Christie’s Images/ The Bridgeman Art Library3. Photograph by Bonfils. Harvard College Library, Fine Arts Library, HSM 6644. Chateau de Versailles, France/ Giraudon/ The Bridgeman Art Library5. Private collection/ © The Fine Art Society, London, UK/ The Bridgeman Art Library6. Harvard College Library, Fine Arts Library, HSM 6207. Chateau de Versailles, France/ Lauros/ Giraudon/ The Bridgeman Art Library8. Musйe Condй, Chantilly, France/ Giraudon/ The Bridgeman Art Library9. Musйe Albert-Kahn–Dйpartement des Hauts-de-Seine, A1548810. Musйe Albert-Kahn–Dйpartement des Hauts-de-Seine, A1556211. Musйe Albert-Kahn–Dйpartement des Hauts-de-Seine, A5104612. Private Collection/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library. All best efforts have been made to contact the copyright holder of this anonymous Moroccan work.13. Musйe Albert-Kahn–Dйpartement des Hauts-de-Seine, A1903114. Frйdйric Gadmer, Musйe Albert-Kahn–Dйpartement des Hauts-de-Seine, A1974715. Owen Tweedy Collection, PA 7/216, Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford16. Sir Edmund Allenby Collection, PA 5/8, Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford17. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France/ Archives Charmet/ The Bridgeman Art Library Section Two (between pages 246–247)
1. Norman Mayers Collection album 1/40, Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford2. John Poole Collection 115/5, Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford3. John Poole Collection 114/16, Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford4. Sir Edward Spears Collection, Album 8/28, Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford5. Sir Edward Spears Collection, Album 9/75, Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford6. Desmond Morton Collection, 13/1/1, Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford7. Desmond Morton Collection, 13/1/2, Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford8. AP Images9. © Bettmann/Corbis10. © Bettmann/Corbis11. © Bettmann/Corbis12. © Bettmann/Corbis13. © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis14. © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis15. © Bettmann/Corbis16. © Bettmann/Corbis Section Three (between pages 336–337)
1. © Genevieve Chauvel/Sygma/Corbis2. © Bride Lane Library/Popperfoto/Getty Images3. © Christian Simonpietri/Sygma/Corbis4. © Bettmann/Corbis5. © Bettmann/Corbis6. © Alain DeJean/Sygma/Corbis7. © Kevin Fleming/Corbis8. © AFP/Getty Images9. © Dominique Faget/epa/Corbis10. © Gйrard Rancinan/Sygma/Corbis11. © Michel Philippot/Sygma/Corbis12. © Franзoise de Mulder/Corbis13. © Franзoise de Mulder/Corbis14. © Peter Turnley/Corbis15. © Reuters/Corbis16. © Reuters/Corbis17. © Peter Turnley/Corbis18. © Abed Omar Qusini/Reuters/Corbis
Notes
Introduction
1 Walid Jumblatt repeated Hariri’s remarks to a journalist from the New York Times, “Behind Lebanon Upheaval, 2 Men’s Fateful Clash,” March 20, 2005.
2 Samir Kassir, Being Arab (London: Verso, 2006), from the author’s introduction.
3 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 7.
4 Reproduced in Robert Fisk, The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (London: Fourth Estate, 2005), p. 172.
5 Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani, al-’Iraq fi dawray al-ihtilal wa’l-intidab, vol. 1 [Iraq in the occupation and the mandate eras] (Sidon: Al-Irfan, 1935), pp. 117–118.
6 Kassir, Being Arab, p. 4.
Chapter 1
1 The death of the Prophet Muhammad gave rise to one of the earliest splits in Islam as his followers disagreed over how to choose his successor, or caliph, to head the Muslim community. One group of Muslims argued for succession within the family of the Prophet and championed the candidacy of Ali ibn Abu Talib, who, as first cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, was his closest relative. This faction came to be known in Arabic as Shi‘at ’Ali, or “the Party of Ali,” from which the word Shiite is derived. The majority of Muslims, however, argued that the caliph should be the most pious Muslim best able to uphold the sunna, or practices and beliefs of the Prophet Muhammad; these came to be known as the Sunnis. For most of Islamic history, the Sunnis have been the dominant majority of the community of believers, particularly in the Arab and Turkish world, with variants of Shi’ite Islam taking root in South Arabia, Persia, and South Asia.
2 The chronicles of Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ibn Iyas (c. 1448–1524), Bada’i‘ al-zuhur fi waqa’i’ al-duhur [The most remarkable blossoms among the events of the age], were first published in Cairo in 1893–1894. There is an English translation of excerpts relating to the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt: W. H. Salmon, An Account of the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt in the Year A.H. 922 (A.D. 1516) (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1921); and a full translation by Gaston Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire: Chronique d’Ibn Iyвs, vol. 2 (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1960). This account is found in Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 41–46, and in Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 65–67.
3 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 92–95; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 117–120.
4 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 111–113; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 137–139.
5 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 114–117; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 140–43.
6 Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 171–172.
7 Ibid., p. 187.
8 The Rightly Guided Caliphs were the first four successors of the Prophet Muhammad—Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, ’Uthman, and ‘Ali—who ruled the early Islamic community in the seventh century. They were followed by the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled from Damascus between 661–750 CE.
9 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 33.
10 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 46–49; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 69–72.
11 The chronicle of Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn ‘Ali Ibn Tulun (c. 1485–1546), “Background Information on the Turkish Governors of Greater Damascus,” has been edited and translated by Henri Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamlouks et les premiers Ottomans (658–1156/1260–1744) (Damascus: Institut Franзais de Damas, 1952).
12 Bruce Masters, The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750 (New York: New York University Press, 1988).
13 Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, p. 151.
14 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, p. 49; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, p. 72.
15 Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, pp. 154–157.
16 From the chronicle of Ibn Jum’a (d. after 1744), in Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, p. 172.
17 The accounts of Ibn Jum‘a and Ibn Tulun are almost identical, the later chronicler repeating almost verbatim points of Ibn Tulun’s narrative. Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, pp. 154–159 and 171–174.
18 Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 3–18.
19 Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1982), pp. 91–118.
20 I. Metin Kunt, The Sultan’s Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp. 32–33.
21 Philipp and Perlmann, Al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 33.
22 Michael Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798 (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 16–17.
23 Bakhit, Ottoman Province of Damascus, pp. 105–106.
24 Sayyid Murad’s sixteenth-century manuscript Ghazawat-i Khayr al-Din Pasha [Conquests of Khayr al-Din Pasha] has been published in an abridged French translation by Sander Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Fondation de la rйgence d’Alger: Histoire de Bar-berousse (Paris: J. Angй, 1837). This account is found in vol. 1, p. 306.
25 John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algeria Under the Turks (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), p. 20.
26 Cited in ibid., p. 27.
27 Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Kitab tarikh al-Amir Fakhr al-Din alMa’ ni [The book of history of the Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma‘ni], edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title Lubnan fi ’ahd al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma‘ni al-Thani [Lebanon in the age of Amir Fakhr al-Din II al-Ma’ni] (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1936, reprinted 1985).