28 Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575–1650 (Beirut: American University in Beirut Press, 1985) pp. 81–87.
29 Al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Amir Fakhr al-Din, pp. 17–19.
30 Ibid., pp. 214–215.
31 Ibid., pp. 150–154.
32 Daniel Crecelius and ‘Abd al-Wahhab Bakr, trans., Al-Damurdashi’s Chronicle of Egypt, 1688–1755 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), p. 286.
33 Ibid., p. 291.
34 Ibid., p. 296.
35 Ibid., pp. 310–312.
36 Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, p. 24.
Chapter 2
1 Ahmad al-Budayri al-Hallaq, Hawadith Dimashq al-Yawmiyya [Daily events of Damascus] 1741–1762 (Cairo: Egyptian Association for Historical Studies, 1959), p. 184; and George M. Haddad, “The Interests of an Eighteenth Century Chronicler of Damascus,” Der Islam 38 (June 1963): 258–271.
2 Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, p. 202.
3 Ibid., p. 129.
4 Ibid., p. 219.
5 Ibid., p. 57.
6 Ibid., p. 112.
7 Quoted by Albert Hourani, “The Fertile Crescent in the Eighteenth Century,” A Vision of History (Beirut: Khayats, 1961), p. 42.
8 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 6.
9 On the Shihabs of Mount Lebanon see Kamal Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965). On the Jalilis of Mosul, see Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
10 Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914 (London: Methuen, 1981), p. 7.
11 Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, pp. 27–29.
12 Ibid., pp. 42–45.
13 Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the Eighteenth Century (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1973), p. 15.
14 Thomas Philipp, Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 36.
15 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 636. On ’Ali Bey al-Kabir see Daniel Crecelius, The Roots of Modern Egypt: A Study of the Regimes of ‘Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, 1760–1775 (Minneapolis and Chicago: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).
16 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 639.
17 Ibid., p. 638.
18 Ibid., p. 639.
19 This account is from the chronicle of al-Amir Haydar Ahmad al-Shihab of Mount Lebanon (1761–1835), Al-Ghurar al-Hisan fi akhbar abna’ al-zaman [Exemplars in the chronicles of the sons of the age]. Shihab’s chronicles were edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title Lubnan fi ’ahd al-umara’ al-Shihabiyin [Lebanon in the era of the Shihabi Amirs], vol. 1 (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1984), p. 79.
20 Shihab, Lubnan fi ‘ahd al-umara’ al-Shihabiyin, vol. 1, pp. 86–87.
21 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 639.
22 Philipp, citing Ahmad al-Shihab’s Tarikh Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, in Acre, p. 45.
23 This dramatic account of Zahir al-’Umar’s death is found in the chronicle of Mikha’il al-Sabbagh (c. 1784–1816), Tarikh al-Shaykh Zahir al-‘Umar al-Zaydani [The history of Shaykh Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani] (Harisa, Lebanon: Editions St. Paul, 1935), pp. 148–158.
24 Cited in Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), p. 98.
25 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 4, p. 23.
26 Mikhayil Mishaqa, Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 62.
Chapter 3
1 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 2.
2 Ibid., p. 13.
3 Ibid., p. 8.
4 Ibid., p. 51.
5 M. de Bourienne, Mйmoires sur Napolйon, 2 vols. (Paris, 1831), cited in ibid., p. 57, n. 63.
6 Philipp and Perlmann, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3, pp. 56–57.
7 Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 37. See also Darrell Dykstra, “The French Occupation of Egypt,” in M. W. Daly, ed., The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 113–138.
8 Philipp and Perlmann, ’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3, pp. 505–506.
9 Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 179–180.
10 Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, p. 72.
11 Ibid., p. 201. One purse equaled 500 piasters, and the exchange rate in the 1820s was approximately U.S. $1 = 12.6 piasters.
12 The account of the execution of the Wahhabi leadership was given by the Russian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, cited in Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), p. 155.
13 Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army, and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 92.
14 Mustafa Rashid Celebi Efendi, cited in ibid., p. 81.
15 Letter from Muhammad ‘Ali to his agent Najib Efendi dated October 6, 1827, translated by Fahmy in All the Pasha’s Men, pp. 59–60.
16 Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 chronicle, al-Jawab ’ala iqtirah al-ahbab [The response to the suggestion of the loved ones] was translated by Wheeler Thackston and published under the title Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), pp. 165–169.
17 Ibid., pp. 172–174.
18 Ibid., pp. 178–187.
19 Palmerston’s letter of July 20, 1838, cited in Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, p. 238.
20 Mishaqa, Murder, Mayham, Pillage, and Plunder, p. 216.
21 London Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, 15–17 September 1840, reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 271–275.
Chapter 4
1 For a complete English translation and study of al-Tahtawi’s work, Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz [The extraction of pure gold in the abridgement of Paris], see Daniel L. Newman, An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831) (London: Saqi, 2004).
2 Ibid., pp. 99, 249.
3 Ibid., pp. 105, 161.
4 The analysis of the constitution is reproduced in ibid., pp. 194–213.
5 Al-Tahtawi’s analysis of the July Revolution of 1830 may be found in ibid., pp. 303–330.
6 A translation of the 1839 Reform Decree is reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 269–271.
7 The text of the 1856 Decree is reproduced in ibid., pp. 315–318.
8 The diary of Muhammad Sa‘id al-Ustuwana, the Ottoman judge of Damascus, was edited and published by As’ad al-Ustuwana, Mashahid wa ahdath dimishqiyya fi muntasif al-qarn al-tasi’ ’ashar (1840–1861) [Eyewitness to Damascene events in the mid-nineteenth century, 1840–1861] (Damascus: Dar al-Jumhuriyya, 1993), p. 162.
9 Jonathan Frankel, The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
10 Bruce Masters, “The 1850 Events in Aleppo: An Aftershock of Syria’s Incorporation into the Capitalist World System,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (1990): 3–20.
11 Leila Fawaz, An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1994); and Ussama Makdisi, The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000).
12 The memoirs of Abu al-Sa‘ud al-Hasibi, Muslim notable of Damascus, as quoted by Kamal Salibi in “The 1860 Upheaval in Damascus as Seen by al-Sayyid Muhammad Abu’l-Su’ud al-Hasibi, Notable and Later Naqib al-Ashraf of the City,” in William Polk and Richard Chambers, eds., Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 190.
13 Wheeler Thackston Jr. has translated Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 history under the title Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 244.
14 Mishaqa’s report to the U.S. Consul in Beirut of September 27, 1860, in Arabic, is held in the National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
15 Y. Hakan Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800–1909 (Basingstoke, UK: 1996).
16 Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914 (London: Methuen, 1981), p. 123.
17 David Landes, Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 91–92.