18 Owen, Middle East in the World Economy, pp. 126–127.
19 Janet Abu Lughod, Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 98–113.
20 The autobiography of Khayr al-Din, “А mes enfants” [To my children], was edited by M. S. Mzali and J. Pignon and published under the title “Documents sur Kheredine,” Revue Tunisienne (1934): 177–225, 347–396. Passage cited appears on p. 183.
21 Khayr al-Din’s political treatise, Aqwam al-masalik li ma‘rifat ahwal al-mamalik [The surest path to knowledge concerning the conditions of countries], was translated and edited by Leon Carl Brown, The Surest Path: The Political Treatise of a Nineteenth-Century Muslim Statesman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967).
22 Ibid., pp. 77–78.
23 Jean Ganiage, Les Origines du Protectorat francaise en Tunisie (1861–1881) (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1959); L. Carl Brown, The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey (1837–1855) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974); and Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).
24 Quoted in Brown, The Surest Path, p. 134.
25 Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp. 186–187.
26 P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Sadat (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
27 Niyazi Berkes, The Emergence of Secularism in Turkey (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 207.
28 Ahmet Cevdet Pasha in Charles Issawi, The Economic History of Turkey, 1800–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 349–351; and Roderic Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), p. 112.
29 Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp. 189–190.
30 Owen, Middle East in the World Economy, pp. 100–121.
31 Ibid., pp. 122–152.
Chapter 5
1 Both texts are reproduced in Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 227–231.
2 Rifa’a Rafi’ al-Tahtawi, An Imam in Paris (London: Saqi, 2004), pp. 326–327.
3 Alexandre Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader: Sa Vie politique et militaire (Paris: Hachette, 1863), p. 120.
4 The original texts of both agreements, with English translation, are reproduced in Raphael Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1977), pp. 241–260. For maps showing the territories allotted France and Algeria under these treaties, see ibid., between pp. 95–96 and between pp. 157–158.
5 Reproduced in Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, p. 260.
6 Ibid., p. 223.
7 A. de France, Abd-El-Kader’s Prisoners; or Five Months’ Captivity Among the Arabs (London: Smith, Elder and Co., n.d.), pp. 108–110.
8 Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, pp. 286–289. Abd al-Qadir’s son wrote on the impact of the capture of the zimala on his soldiers’ morale in Tuhfat al-za’ir fi tarikh al-Jaza’ir wa’l-Amir ’Abd al-Qadir (Beirut: Dar al-Yaqiza al-‘Arabiyya, 1964), pp. 428–431.
9 Tangier Convention for the Restoration of Friendly Relations: France and Morocco, September 10, 1844, reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, pp. 286–287.
10 Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, p. 242.
11 Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 190–191. Note that French francs converted to pounds sterling at FF25 = Ј1, and the Turkish pound converted at the rate of ЈT1 = Ј0.909.
12 Urabi contributed an autobiographical essay to Jurji Zaydan’s biographical dictionary, Tarajim Mashahir al-Sharq fi’l-qarn al-tasi’ ‘ashar [Biographies of famous people of the East in the nineteenth century], vol. 1 (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1910), pp. 254–280 (hereafter Urabi memoirs).
13 Ibid., p. 261.
14 Urabi recounted these events to Wilfrid Scawen Blunt in 1903, who reproduced the account in his Secret History of the British Occupation of Egypt (New York: Howard Fertig, 1967, reprint of 1922 ed.), p. 369.
15 Urabi memoirs, p. 269.
16 Ibid., p. 270.
17 Ibid., p. 272.
18 Blunt asked Muhammad Abdu to comment on Urabi’s account of events; Blunt, Secret History, p. 376.
19 Urabi memoirs, p. 274.
20 Blunt, Secret History, p. 372.
21 A. M. Broadley, How We Defended Arabi and His Friends (London: Chapman and Hall, 1884), p. 232.
22 Ibid., pp. 375–376.
23 Blunt, Secret History, p. 299.
24 Mudhakkirat ’Urabi [Memoirs of Urabi], vol. 1 (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1954), pp. 7–8.
25 On the “scramble for Africa” and the Fashoda Incident see Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism, 2nd ed. (Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 1981).
26 Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 1, p. 477.
27 Ibid., pp. 508–510.
28 Ahmad Amin, My Life, translated by Issa Boullata (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978), p. 59.
29 Cited by Ami Ayalon in his The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 15.
30 Cited in ibid., p. 30.
31 Cited in ibid., p. 31.
32 Martin Hartmann, The Arabic Press of Egypt (London, Luzac, 1899), pp. 52–85, cited in Roger Owen, Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 251.
33 Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 113.
34 Ahmad Amin, My Life, pp. 48–49.
35 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, trans. and eds., ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), pp. 252–253.
36 Daniel L. Newman, An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831) (London: Saqi, 2004), p. 177.
37 Ahmad Amin, My Life, p. 19.
38 Judith Tucker, Women in Nineteenth Century Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 129.
39 Qasim Amin, The Liberation of Women, trans. Samiha Sidhom Peterson (Cairo: American University at Cairo Press, 1992), p. 12.
40 Ibid., p. 15.
41 Ibid., p. 72.
42 Ibid., p. 75.
43 Ahmad Amin, My Life, p. 90.
44 Ibid., p. 60.
45 Ibid., pp. 60–61. The translator here used the term upset where the Arabic term is stronger, meaning “grief.”
Chapter 6
1 “De Bunsen Committee Report,” in J. C. Hurewitz, ed., The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 2 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 26–46.
2 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence has been reproduced in ibid., pp. 46–56.
3 Quote from the unpublished memoirs of the resident of Karak, ’Uda al-Qusus, cited in Eugene Rogan, Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1851–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 232–233.
4 The Sykes-Picot Agreement is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 60–64.
5 George Antonius, The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1938), p. 248.
6 The Basle Program of the First Zionist Congress is reproduced in Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 429.
7 Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete (London: Abacus, 2001) p. 44.
8 The Balfour Declaration is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 101–106.
9 Cemal Pasha’s remarks were published in al-Sharq newspaper, cited in Antonius, Arab Awakening, pp. 255–256.
10 Anglo-French Declaration of November 7, 1918, cited in ibid., pp. 435–436; Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, p. 112.
11 The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement is reproduced in Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds., The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict (New York: Penguin, 1985), pp. 19–20.
12 Faysal’s memo is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 130–32.
13 Harry N. Howard, The King-Crane Commission (Beirut: Khayyat, 1963), p. 35.
14 The King-Crane Report was first published in Editor & Publisher 55, 27, 2nd section, December 2, 1922. An abridged version of their recommendations is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 191–99.
15 Abu Khaldun Sati’ al-Husri, The day of Maysalun: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1966), pp. 107–108.
16 Reproduced in the Arabic edition of Sati’ al-Husri, Yawm Maysalun (Beirut: Maktabat al-Kishaf, 1947), plate 25. On the political use of slogans, see James L. Gelvin, Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire (Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).