4 Ghanim’s introduction in Samnй, La Syrie, pp. xviii–xix.
5 Muhammad Jamil Bayhum, Al-‘Ahd al-Mukhdaram fi Suriya wa Lubnan, 1918–1922 [The era of transition in Syria and Lebanon] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali’a, n.d. [1968]), p. 109.
6 Ibid., p. 110.
7 Lohйac, Daoud Ammoun, pp. 84–85.
8 Bishara Khalil al-Khoury, Haqa’iq Lubnaniyya [Lebanese realities], vol. 1 (Harisa, Lebanon: Basil Brothers, 1960), p. 106.
9 Lohйac, Daoud Ammoun, pp. 91–92.
10 Alphonse Zeniй, quoted in ibid., p. 96.
11 Yusif Sawda, resident in Alexandria, cited in ibid., p. 139.
12 Bayhum, al-‘Ahd al-Mukhdaram, pp. 136–140.
13 Si Madani El Glaoui, cited in C. R. Pennell, Morocco Since 1830: A History (London: Hurst, 2000), p. 176.
14 Pennell, Morocco Since 1830, p. 190.
15 Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim (Abd el-Krim) published a statement of his political views after his capture by the French in Rashid Rida’s influential magazine, al-Manar 27, 1344–1345 (1926–1927): 630–634. For a translation see C. R. Pennell, A Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926 (Wisbech: MENAS Press, 1986), pp. 256–259.
16 Quoted in Pennell, Country with a Government, from French interviews with tribesmen after Abd el-Krim’s defeat, p. 186.
17 Ibid., pp. 189–190.
18 Ibid., pp. 256–259.
19 Fawzi al-Qawuqji, Mudhakkirat [Memoirs of] Fawzi al-Qawuqji, vol. 1, 1914–1932 (Beirut: Dar al-Quds, 1975), p. 81.
20 Edmund Burke III, “A Comparative View of French Native Policy in Morocco and Syria, 1912–1925,” Middle Eastern Studies 9 (1973): 175–186.
21 Philip S. Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 102–108.
22 Burke, “Comparative View,” pp. 179–180.
23 Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, Mudhakkirat [Memoirs] (Beirut: Dar al-Irshad, 1967), p. 154.
24 Al-Qawuqji, Mudhakkirat, p. 84.
25 Shahbandar, Mudhakkirat, pp. 156–157.
26 Al-Qawuqji, Mudhakkirat, pp. 86–87.
27 Ibid., p. 89; Michael Provence, The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005), pp. 95–100.
28 Siham Tergeman, Daughter of Damascus (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), p. 97.
29 Shahbandar, Mudhakkirat, pp. 186–189.
30 Al-Qawuqji, Mudhakkirat, pp. 109–112.
31 John Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation, 2nd ed. (Bloomington and Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press, 2005), p. 69.
32 Gustave Mercier, Le Centenaire de l’Algйrie, vol. 1 (Algiers: P & G Soubiron, 1931), pp. 278–281.
33 Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 296–300.
34 Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 298–304.
35 Ferhat Abbas, Le jeune Algйrien: De la colonie vers la province [The young Algerian: From the colony toward the province] (Paris: Editions de la Jeune Parque, 1931), p. 8.
36 According to Ruedy’s figures, 206,000 Algerians were drafted, of which 26,000 were killed and 72,000 wounded; p. 111. Abbas claimed 250,000 Algerians were drafted, of which 80,000 died; p. 16.
37 Abbas, Le jeune Algйrien, p. 24.
38 Ibid., p. 119.
39 Ibid., pp. 91–93.
40 Claude Collot and Jean-Robert Henry, Le Mouvement national algйrien: Textes 1912–1954 [The Algerian national movement: Texts 1912–1954] (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1978), pp. 66–67.
41 Ibid., pp. 68–69.
42 Ibid., pp. 38–39. On Messali, see Benjamin Stora, Messali Hadj (1898–1974): pionnier du nationalism algйrien [Messali Hadj (1898–1974): Pioneer of Algerian nationalism] (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1986).
43 A full translation of the bill is reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Affairs, vol. 2 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 504–508.
44 Al-Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate, p. 592.
45 Bishara al-Khoury, Haqa’iq Lubnaniyya [Lebanese realities], vol. 2 (Beirut: Awraq Lubnaniyya, 1960), pp. 15–16.
46 Ibid., pp. 33–52.
47 Khalid al-Azm, Mudhakkirat [Memoirs of] Khalid al-’Azm, vol. 1 (Beirut: Dar al-Muttahida, 1972), pp. 294–299.
48 Tergeman, Daughter of Damascus, pp. 97–98.
Chapter 9
1 Communiquй of the Jewish Underground Resistance in Palestine, cited in Menachem Begin, The Revolt (London: W. H. Allen, 1951), pp. 42–43.
2 Stern’s words were reproduced by Joseph Heller, The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940–1949 (London: Frank Cass, 1995), pp. 85–87.
3 Begin, The Revolt, p. 215.
4 Ibid., pp. 212–230.
5 Manchester Guardian, August 1, 1947, p. 5, cited in Paul Bagon, “The Impact of the Jewish Underground upon Anglo Jewry: 1945–1947” (M.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 2003), pp. 118–119.
6 Jewish Chronicle, August 8, 1947, p. 1, cited in Bagon, “Impact of the Jewish Underground,” p. 122.
7 Cited in William Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 485.
8 Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 4th ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001) pp. 190–192.
9 Reproduced in T. G. Fraser, The Middle East, 1914–1979 (London: E. Arnold, 1980), pp. 49–51.
10 Al-Ahram, February 2, 1948.
11 Qasim al-Rimawi accompanied Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni to Damascus and gave his account to the Palestinian historian of the 1948 Palestinian “Catastrophe,” Arif al-Arif; see al-Arif, al-Nakba: Nakbat Bayt al-Maqdis wa’l-Firdaws al-Mafqud [The catastrophe: The catastrophe of Jerusalem and the lost paradise], vol. 1 (Sidon and Beirut: al-Maktaba al-‘Asriyya, 1951), pp. 159–161.
12 Ibid., p. 161. In a footnote, Arif reminded his readers that other British soldiers had joined forces with the Haganah.
13 Ibid., p. 168.
14 Ibid., pp. 171 and 170.
15 Testimony of Ahmad Ayesh Khalil, son of a factory owner, and of Aisha Jima Ziday (Zaydan), from a family of small farmers who was seventeen at the time, reproduced in Staughton Lynd, Sam Bahour, and Alice Lynd, eds., Homeland: Oral Histories of Palestine and Palestinians (New York: Olive Branch Press, 1994), pp. 24–26.
16 Arif, al-Nakba, p. 173.
17 Ibid., pp. 173–174.
18 Ibid., pp. 174–175.
19 Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 30.
20 Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim, al-Difa’ ‘an Hayfa wa qadiyyat filastin [The defense of Haifa and the Palestine problem] (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2005), p. 44.
21 Ibid., p. 104.
22 Ibid., pp. 109–112.
23 From the diary of Khalil al-Sakakini, quoted in Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete (London: Abacus, 2000), p. 508.
24 Morris, Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, p. 141.
25 Avi Shlaim, The Politics of Partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine, 1921–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
26 John Bagot Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957), p. 66.
27 Quoted in Fawaz Gerges, “Egypt and the 1948 War,” in Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim, eds., The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 159.
28 Avi Shlaim, “Israel and the Arab Coalition in 1948,” in ibid., p. 81. Only the Egyptian army expanded its numbers significantly in the course of the war, from an initial deployment of 10,000 to a maximum of 45,000 by the end of the war. Gerges, “Egypt and the 1948 War,” p. 166.
29 Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Philosophy of the Revolution (Buffalo, NY: Economica Books, 1959), pp. 28–29.
30 Constantine K. Zurayk, The Meaning of the Disaster, trans. R. Bayly Winder (Beirut: Khayat, 1956).
31 Musa Alami, “The Lesson of Palestine,” Middle East Journal 3 (October 1949): 373–405.
32 Zurayk, Meaning of the Disaster, p. 2.
33 Ibid., p. 24.
34 Alami, “Lesson of Palestine,” p. 390.
35 Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 6.
36 ’Adil Arslan, Mudhakkirat al-Amir ‘Adil Arslan [The memoirs of Amir ’Adil Arslan], vol. 2 (Beirut: Dar al-Taqaddumiya, 1983), p. 806.
37 Avi Shlaim, “Husni Za‘im and the Plan to Resettle Palestinian Refugees in Syria,” Journal of Palestine Studies 15 (Summer 1986): 68–80.
38 Arslan, Mudhakkirat, p. 846.
39 Mary Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 209–213.
Chapter 10
1 Nawal El Saadawi, A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi (London: Zed Books, 2000), pp. 260–261.