Galilee Gamasy, General Abd al-Ghani al- Gambetta Note Gaza Strip occupation Palestinian refugees in Georges-Picot, Charles Franзois Germany First World War and scramble for Africa Second World War. See Nazi Germany Ghanim, Shukri Ghazali, Janbirdi al- Ghazali, Zaynab al- Gibran, Khalil Glubb, General John Bagot (Glubb Pasha) Golan Heights Gorbachev, Mikhail Gore, Al Gouraud, General Henri Greater Syria Greek independence Greek War Guantanamo Bay prison
Habsburg Austria Hadid, Muhammad Hadid, Shaykh Marwan. See also Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Hadj, Messali Hafiz, Moulay Abd al- Haganah Haifa, Palestine Hamas (Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement) Hammami, Said Hammer, Armand Hananu, Ibrahim Hanbali school Hariri, Rafiq Hasan, Moulay Hashemites. See also King Abdullah I, King Abdullah II, King Faisal I, King Faisal II, King Hussein, Sharif Husayn ibn Ali Heikal, Mohammed Herriot, Edouard Herzl, Theodore, The Jewish State Hijackings, airplane Hijaz (Arabian province) Ottoman Empire battles for Hizbullah Holocaust Holy Places Dispute Hostage crisis, American Embassy Hot-air balloon, in Egypt Hrawi, Elias Hulagu Hungary Husayn ibn ’Ali, Sharif of Mecca Husayn ibn ’Ali, Imam Husayn Pasha, Dey of Algiers Husayni, Abd al- Qadir al- Husayni, Jamal al- Husayni, Musa Kazim al- Hussein, King of Jordan Hussein, Qusay Hussein, Saddam assassination attempt condemns Arab-United States alliance creates oil slick popularity sons of and weapons of mass destruction Hussein, Uday
Ibn Iyas, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Mamluk chronicler Ibn Saud (Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman Al Saud), King Ibn Taymiyya Ibn Tulun, Muhammad Ibrahim Pasha, Nineteenth-century Egyptian general Imam, definition Independence Intifada, Lebanon, 2005 Indian Expeditionary Force, Mesopotamia WWI Industrial Revolution Intifada second Iran ancient. See Persia Islamic Revolution oil production support for Lebanese Shiites takes hostages, at American Embassy Iran-Iraq War Iraq under British colonialism invaded by Britain invades Kuwait. See Kuwait invaded by Iraq Iran-Iraq War Karbala Kurds nationalism 1958 revolution oil production post-World War I under Saddam Hussein shoe-throwing protester Soviet Treaty of Friendship tribal divisions union with Jordan United States supports World War II Iraqi Free Officers Iraqi nationalists Iraqi Uprising of 1920 Irgun Iron Hand Society, Syrian nationalist movement Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain Islam birth of early fundamentalists Iranian Revolution. See Islamic Revolution, Iran mysticism pilgrimage in and polytheism Wahhabism Islambuli, Khalid al- Islamic Jihad (group) Islamic law (sharia). See Sharia Islamic nationalists. See Islamists Islamic Revolution, Iran Islamists Iran. See Islamic revolution, Iran Lebanon. See Hizbullah Palestinian. See Hamas Saudi Arabia. See also Bin Ladin, Osama Ismail (khedive) Israel. See also Jewish Agency, Palestine; Jews; Zionism and American diplomacy. See United States, diplomatic efforts arms race espionage invades Lebanon Iraq strikes Likud government massacres at Sabra and Shatila military experience 1948 Arab-Israeli war 1956 Arab-Israeli war peace negotiations peace treaty with Egypt Six Day War. See Arab-Israeli wars, 1967 War as United States ally War of Attrition Yom Kippur War. See Arab-Israeli wars, 1973 War Israeli-Lebanese Agreement of May 17, 1983 Issa, Mahmoud Istanbul (Constantinople) Istiqlal party in Transjordan in Morocco Italy colonization of Libya Renaissance and scramble for Africa unification
Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al-, Eighteenth-century Egyptian chronicler Jahiliyya Jalili family Janissaries Jaza’iri, Amir Abd al-Qadir al-, nineteenth-century Algerian leader Jerusalem Jewish Agency, Palestine military experience Jewish extremists Jewish nationalism. See Zionism, Zionists Jewish refugees, World War II Jewish state. See Zionism, Zionists Jewish State, The (Herzl) Jews. See also Zionism, Zionists and Ottoman reform pogrom, Iraqi Jidda (port city) Jihad in Afghanistan Algerian resistance Barbary pirates first Arab-Israeli war as Palestinian Syrian on United States Jihad, al- (magazine) Jim Crow laws Johnson, Lyndon B. Jordan. See also Transjordan Cold War era 1967 War succession of King Abdullah II, 479–480 as United States ally July Revolution of 1830 (France) Jumblatt, Kamal
Kamil, Mustafa Kanj Yusuf Pasha Kanunname (laws) Karami, Rashid Karbala, Iraq Kassir, Samir Kaylani, Rashid Ali al- Khair Bey, Mamluk governor Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Khaled, Leila Khan Maysalun Khartoum Summit Khomeini, Ayatollah Khoury, Bishara al- Khrushchev, Nikita King, Henry Churchill King David Hotel bombing King-Crane Commission Kissinger, Henry Kitchener, Lord Khattabi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-, (Abd el-Krim), leader of Rif War 1921–1926 Kristellnacht (night of broken glass) Kurds Kuwait invasion by Iraq Arab world divided consequences for Israel and Palestine consequences for Lebanon Highway of Death oil dumped into Gulf oil wells, detonated Kuwaiti resistance Kuwaiti oil production
Lahoud, Emile Lampson, Sir Miles Lavon Affair Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia) League of Nations Covenant Iraq admitted Lebanese civil war arms for Lebanese expatriate community Lebanese nationalists Lebanon confessionalism under French colonialism independence invaded by Israel Islamists in Israeli-Lebanese Agreement of May 17, 1983 National Movement National Pact, 1943 nationalists. See Nationalists, Lebanese under Ottoman rule Palestinian guerrillas in population, by religion post-Israeli war seeks alliance with Syria seeks independence Taif Accord terrorist attacks, Beirut the troika Lehi (Lohamei Herut Yisrael). See also Stern Gang Leiberman, Senator Joseph Leyden jars Libya Egypt attacks, 1977 under Italian colonialism 1969 revolution oil production under Ottoman rule Likud government, Israel London Conference of May 1832, London Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, 1840 L’Orient (Napoleon’s flagship) Lufti al-Sayyid, Ahmad Lyautey, Marshal Hubert
Macbeth (Shakespeare) MacDonald, Ramsay, 1931 “Black Letter” Maghrib Office, Cairo Mahdi’s Revolt, Sudan 1881–1885 Mahmal Mahmud I (Ottoman sultan) Mahmud II Majid, Ali Hasan al- (Chemical Ali) Mamluks conquered by Ottomans descendants massacre, at Citadel in Ottoman government revolt March 14 Alliance, Lebanon Marj Dabiq, Battle of, 1516 Maronites. battle Druze massacre Palestinians and Ottoman reform Martin, Cliff Maude, Sir Stanley McMahon, Sir Henry McPherson, Joseph Mecca and Medina battles for First World War pilgrimage to Medici Mehmed II Meir, Golda Melilla (Spanish possession) Mesopotamia. See also Iraq Middle Ages Middle East Defense Organization (MEDO) Migrant laborers Mikdadi, Lina. See Tabbara, Lina (Mikdadi) Milner, Lord Mishaqa, Mikhayil Mobil Mohammad V Mohi El Din, Zakaria Mongols Montefiore, Moses Montgolfier hot-air balloon Moriscos Moroccan nationalists Morocco during the Crusades under French colonialism independence local leaders co-opted loses independence under Spain succession of Mohammed VI “useful” Mount Lebanon Christian population Mubarak, Gamal Mubarak, Husni Muhammad (prophet) descendants Muhammad ’Ali Pasha battles Wahhabis decrees religious equality Egyptian Army under and Europe invades Sudan invades Syria kills Mamluks land taxation loses Syria modernizes army secession territorial gains Muhammad al-Sadiq Bey, ruler of Tunisia Muhammad Bey “Abu al-Dhahab”, Mamluk commander Muslim Brotherhood. See also Islamists in Egypt and the Free Officers in Gaza imprisoned in Syria Muslim Ladies’ Society Muslim Sisterhood Muslims. See also Islam fundamentalist Spanish Mussolini, Benito
Naguib, General Muhammad Nahda (cultural renaissance) Najd Nakba, al-. 269-270. See also Arab-Israeli wars, 1948 War Napoleonic army Nashashibi family Nasif, Malak Hifni Nasser, Gamal Abdel and Algeria dies on Iraqi revolution and Islamists Israeli War strategy as negotiator 1967 War strategy resigns and Yemen Nasserism Nationalism and national identity radicalized Nazi Germany Arab allies LEHI overtures to Nehru, Jawaharlal Nelson, Horatio Netanyahu, Benjamin Newspapers, Egyptian 1984 (Orwell) 9/11. See September 11, 2001 Nixon, Richard M. Nizami armies Non-Aligned Movement North Africa. See also under individual countries battle for North Africa (continued) nationalism under Ottoman rule North African colonialism North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Nuqrashi, Mahmud Fahmi al- Nusseibeh, Sari
Obama, Barack Occidental Petroleum October War. See Arab-Israeli Wars, 1973 War Oil Britain’s dependence on discovery in Iraq and migrant labor oil rich states and power production South America Soviet production and wealth creation Oil embargoes 1967 1973 Oil wells detonated, Kuwait 1991 Oman Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Orwell, George, 1984 Oslo Accords Osman II (Ottoman sultan) Ottoman Constitution Ottoman Empire alliance with Barbary corsairs alliances with European countries Arab rebellion Arabs, in government and Britain challenged by Wahhabis conquers Arab lands declares bankruptcy fall of feudalistic nature of legal reforms, of Sьleyman II local leaders in loses Arab lands loses European territory Mamluks in. See Mamluks Nizami army partition of territory rule of Arab world. See under each country Russia invades Ottoman Public Debt Administration (PDA) Ottoman reforms, nineteenth century (Tanzimat) and civilian infrastructure education reforms erosion of sultan’s power opposition penal reforms Reform Decree, 1839 Reform Decree, 1856 and religious minorities transformation to constitutional monarchy Tunisia Ottoman statecraft Ottoman-Russian War of 1877–1878
Pahlevi, Mohamed Reza Paice, Marvyn Palestine and American diplomacy. See United States, diplomatic efforts Arab coalition fights for. See Arab Liberation Army (ALA) Arab Revolt, 1936–1939 and Balfour Declaration Britain leaves and British Mandate Dayr Yasin massacre declaration of independence, 1988 diaspora ethnic cleansing Haifa medical convoy attacked Nakba, al- opposition of Jewish state. See Palestinian nationalists partition of public opinion second intifada severed from Transjordan two-state solution under Ottoman rule United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) uprising. See Intifada Palestine Liberation Army Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) international opinion and Intifada leaves Beirut, 1982 Oslo Accords, 1993 as Palestine’s representative research center Palestine National Council (PNC) Palestinian nationalists. See also Intifada secular vs. Islamist Palestinian refugees in Gaza in Lebanon massacred, at Sabra and Shatila Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Egypt’s presence Lebanon’s presence Pashas, role of Passfield White Paper Peace of Kьtahya, 1833 Peace of Paris, 1856 Peel Commission, 1937 People’s Republic of China. Perestroika Perpetual Treaty of 1853, Great Britain and the Trucial States Persia. See also Iran Safavid Empire Persian Gulf Britain controls oil dumped into piracy Pйtain, Marshal Phillipe Peter the Great Petroleum products. See Oil Picot. See Georges-Picot, Charles-Francois Phalangist Party Pilgrimages Piracy Persian Gulf PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party) Polytheism, in Islam Pontecorvo, Gillo, The Battle of Algiers (film) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) Porte, the. See Sublime Porte Portugal Presidios Press Prophet, The (Gibran) Prostitution, in Damascus Protectorate, definition Publishing under government control