THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY
VOLUME X
THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME X
The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.—a.d. 69
edited by ALAN K. BOWMAN
Student of Christ Church, Oxford
EDWARD CHAMPLIN
Professor of Classics, Princeton University
ANDREW LINTOTT
Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, Worcester College, Oxford
Cambridge
UNIVERSITY PRESS
published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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© Cambridge University Press 1996
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1996 Fifth printing 2006
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Catalogue card number: 75-85719
isbn 0 521 26430 8 hardback
CONTENTS
'List of maps page xiv
List of text-figures xv
List of tables xv
List of stemmata xv
Preface xix
PART I NARRATIVE
The triumviral period i by Christopher pelling, Fellow andPraelector in
Classics, University College, Oxford
I The triumvirate i
II Philippi, 42 b.c. 5
The East, 42—40 в.с. 9
Perusia, 41-40 в.с. 14 V Brundisium and Misenum, 40-39 b.c. 17
VI The East, 39-37 в.с. zi
VII Tarentum, 37 в.с. 24
VIII The year 36 в.с. 27
IX 35—33 в.с. 36
X Preparation: 3 2 B.C. 48
XI Actium, 31 в.с. 54
XII Alexandria, 30 в.с. 59
XIII Retrospect 65
Endnote: Constitutional questions 67
Political history, 30 в.с. to a.d. 14 70 by j. a. crook, Fellow of St John's College, and Emeritus Professor of Ancient History in the University of Cambridge
I Introduction 70
II 30-17 в.с. 73
III 16 b.c.—a.d. 14 94Augustus: power, authority, achievement 113 by j.a. crook
I Power 113
II Authority 117
III Achievement 123
The expansion of the empire under Augustus 147 by erich s. gruen, Professor of History and Classics,
University of California, Berkeley
Egypt, Ethiopia and Arabia 148 II Asia Minor 151
Judaea and Syria 154
Armenia and Parthia 15 8
Spain 163 VI Africa 166
VII The Alps 169
VIII The Balkans 171
IX Germany 178
X Imperial ideology 188
XI Conclusion 194
Tiberius to Nero 198 by т. e.j. Wiedemann, Reader in the History of the Roman Empire, University of Bristol
I The accession of Tiberius and the nature of politics
under the Julio-Claudians 198
II The reign of Tiberius 209
Gaius Caligula 221
Claudius 229
Nero 241
From Nero to Vespasian 2 5 6 by t.e.j. wiedemann
I A.D. 68 256
II A.d. 69—70 265
PART II THE GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE EMPIRE
The imperial court 283 by andrew wallace-hadrill, Professor of Classics at
the University of Reading
I Introduction 283
Access and rituaclass="underline" court society 285
Patronage, power and government 296
Conclusion 306
The Imperial finances 309 by d. w. rath bone, Reader in Ancient History, King's
College London
The Senate and senatorial and equestrian posts 3 24 by Richard j.a. talbert, William Rand Kenan, Jr,
Professor of History, and Adjunct Professor of Classics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
I The Senate 324
II Senatorial and equestrian posts 357
Provincial administration and taxation 344
by ALAN K. BOWMAN
I Rome, the emperor and the provinces 344
II Structure 351
Function 357
Conclusion 367
The army and the navy ■ 371 by lawrence keppie, Reader in Roman Archaeology, Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow
I The army of the late Republic 371
II The army in the civil wars, 49-30 b.c. 373
The army and navy of Augustus 3 76
Army and navy under the Julio-Claudians 387 V The Roman army in a.d. 70 393
The administration of justice 397 by h. galsterer, Professor of Ancient History at the
Rheinische Friedrich- Wtlhelms- Universitdt, Bonn
PART III ITALY AND THE PROVINCES
The West 414
13a Italy and Rome from Sulla to Augustus 414
by m. h. Crawford, Professor of Ancient History, University College London
I Extent of Romanization 414
II Survival of local cultures 424
13 b Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica 434
by r.j. a. Wilson, Professor of Archaeology, University of Nottinghamijf Spain 449
by g. alfoldy, Professor of Ancient History in the University of Heidelberg
I Conquest, provincial administration and military
organization 449
II Urbanization 455
Economy and society 458
The impact of Romanization 461
13 d Gaul 464 by c. goudineau, Profosseur du College de France (chaire d' Antiquites nationales)
I Introduction 464
II Gallia Narbonensis 471
III Tres Galliae 487
13* Britain 43 в.с. to a.d. 69 503 by john wacher, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of Leicester
I Pre-conquest period 503
II The invasion and its aftermath 5 06
Organization of the province 510
Urbanization and communications 511 V Rural settlement 513
VI Trade and industry 514
VII Religion 515
13/ Germany 517 by c. ruger, Honorary Professor, Bonn University
I Introduction 517
II Roman Germany, 16 b.c.-a.d. 17 524
III The period of the establishment of the military zone
(a.d. 14-90) 528
13g Raetia 535
by h. wolff, Professor of Ancient History, University of Passau
I 'Raetia' before Claudius 537
The Claudian province 541
13h The Danubian and Balkan provinces 545
by j.j. wilkes, Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology, University College London