[935] For the platform under the Farnese gardens, Krause 1985 (f 458); on Augustus' house, Wiseman 1987 (f 81). The new discovery of the grand houses of the Via Sacra (Carandini) confirms his account strikingly. Houses too close to the Forum were already a risk politically in a.d. 20 (Tac. Ann. hi.9, strikingly confirmed by the new sinatusconsultum on the verdict on Piso); after the great fire those that survived could help destroy a consul (Ann. xv.69).
[936] Finley 198} (a 28) j i-j on the 'end of polities'.
[937] Elections under the Principate: Talbert 1984 (d 77) 341-j.
[938] Levick 1976 (c 366) 37—42. We may note also that the plebeian violence in a.d. 6 almost
constituted popular revolution, if we are to credit the language of Dio lv.27.1—3. Ov. Fast. 11.527
[940] suggests that some truly archaic elements in the Roman constitution (the curiae) were no longer understood. Nicolet 1980 (a 68) 313-15; T. Siarensis. ILS 6049 shows the tribal structure being deployed to celebrate Vespasian's first adventus at Rome.
[941] In general, Yavetz 1969 (a i 10); for messages about Rome's place in the world, Nicolet 1988 (a 69) esp. chs. 1, a, 5, 9; also 1980 (л 68) 383-98.
[942] CIL vi 30705 = ILS 3090; Niebling 1936 (f 190); Boyance 1950 (e 8). For Solus cf. Macrob. Sat. 1.16.8 'Salutem Semoniam Seiam Segetiam Tutilinam'. On the compita see also Liebescbuetz 1979 (f 174) 70-1, and for the Augustan shrines to the tares, Ladage 1980 (f 42).
[943] North 1976 (f 194); North 1986 (f 193). 38 Altheim 1938 (p 84) 4ц(.
[944] For banqueting, D'Arms 1990 (f 24); Mrozek 1972 (p 46). For the 'associative urge' among inhabitants of Rome, cf. САН ix2, 67 iff and Flambard 1981 (f 30).
[945] Spectacle-architecture, Frczouls 1984 (f 31), Humphrey 1986 (f 427), Rawson 1983 (f 55), Gros 1978 (f 398); Clavel-Leveque 1984 (f 17).
[946] Cf. Coarelli 1985 (e 19) 11 11-21; Gros 1987 (p 399).
[947] Bollinger 1969 (f 8); cf. Levick 1983 (c 369).
[948] Cameron 1976 (f 16); Millar 1977 (a 59) 568-75; Yavetz 1969 (a i 10); Deininger 1979 (e 53); Kloft 1970 (d 138).
44 Hobsbawm 1973:0 E. Bosworth The Medieval Islamtc Underworld (Leiden, 1976) for the Islamic underworld. On the close cultural identification of plebeians and elite, cf. Jongman 1988 (e 62) 175-H9-
[949] Roueche 1984 (в 277) 184, for imperial acclamations; cf. CIL rv 1074, a graffito 'iudiciis Augusti Augustae feliciter!' Note also the performance of the arcbimimus Favor at Vespasian's funeral (Suet. Vcsp. 19.2).
[950] For the commodum of available employment, see Brunt 1980 (d 117). Thornton and Thornton 1989 (f J94) develop the idea of the dependence of the plebs on imperial buildings, but their quantitative methods are unreliable.
[951] Markets: MacMullen 1970 (f 43), quoting Il/al xii 2 (1963) 301-4. The connexion between markets and religious festivals should also be noted.
[952] For the formation of Rome as capital of the world, Nicolet 1988 (a 69); cf. Purcell 1990^77).
[953] Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1.33.3.
[954] ibid. 1.40. Cf. Wissowa 1912(p 241) 273-5. Winter 1910 (p 239) and Bayet 1926 (f 88) 127-54 elucidate the different versions of the story; Coarelli 1988 (e 21) 61-77 notes the Greek design of the altar. Virgil too incorporated this story into his 'history': Aen. vin.267-79.
[955] Origo gen til Romance 6.7, from Cassius Hemina; cf. Plut. Qwest. Rom. 60.
[956] Macrob. Sat. 1.12.28. Prop, iv.9 follows Varro's account, not without a sense of humour.
[957] This perspective persisted through the imperial period. An inscription of the early third century, probably put up near the altar, commemorates the offering of the solemn sacrifice which Hercules had established at the time of Evander: ILS 3402.
[958] Ov. Fast, rv.820; Plut Rem. 12. Dion. Hal. Ant. Rem. 1.88.3 is uncertain whether it predated the foundation of the city. For testimonia on the Parilia sec Utal xin 2.443—5 ■
[959] Ov. Fast, rv.725-8. i' Fast, rv.735-6. 1» Varro, ap. scbol. Pers. 1.72.
[960] Fast. iv.8j 5-48. There was another version of the killing of Remus: Livy 1.7.2; Dion. Hal. Ant.Rom. 1.87.2. Bremmer in Bremmer and Horsfall 1987 (f 105) ch. 3 discusses the myth of Romulus and Remus.
[961] Weinstock 1971 (f 235) 184-6. Prop. iv.i. 19-20 notes that the ritual had become more
elaborate. a Ath. vm.j6icf; Beaujeu 1955 (F93) 128-35.
[963] The execution of those who damaged city walls was justified in Roman law by the story of Remus: Dig. 1.8.11 (Pomponius). For sources on the pomerium see Lugli 19; 2 (e 82) 1116-31 and for Roman preoccupation with space see Rykwert 1976 (л 8j), Meslin 1978 (f 188) ch. 2.
[964] Labrousse 1937 (e 68); Boatwright 1987 (f 289) 64-71. According to Varro, there were
markers in the republican period, but they do not survive. The area enclosed by the pomerium was almost exactly that covered by the early third century a.d. official map of Rome, though the pomerium itself was not marked. 26 ILS 244.14-16, citing Claudius as precedent.
[966] Tac. Am. xii.24.2; Gell. NA xm.14.3. The SHA claims that Augustus, Nero, Trajan and Aurelian extended the pomerium, but see Syme 1978 (f 225).
[967] Pliny, HN x.35. Cf. Tac. Am. хш.24, Hilt. 1.87.1, iv. j 3, with Wissowa 1912 (f 241) 391. Such lustrations may be the origin of the alleged festival of the Amburbium: Wissowa 1912 (p 241) 142 and n.12; Scullard 1981 (p 223) 82-3.
[968] Joseph. BJ vn. 125. For the Younger Drusus see Tac. Ann. m.ii.i, 19.4; for Trajan see the relief from Arch of Beneventum, Hassel 1966 (f 412) 19—20 and pis 15 and 17.
[969] Richard 1966 (f 204).
[970] Dio lin.32.5. But note Tac. Ann. xii.41.1 on the young Nero.
«"Alfoldi 1935 (d 2) 5-8, 47-9. 37 Val. Max. 1.
[972] Obsequens, 69; Dio xlvi.46.1-3 gives six plus twelve. Suet. Aug. 95 and App. BCiv. nr.94 give twelve only and treat them as a different type of auspicy.
[973] Suet. Aug. 7.2, drawing on the Augustan writer Verrius Flaccus, also used by Festus p. 2L; Ov. Fast. 1.608-16. Cf. Gage 1930 (p 141); Erkell 1952 (p 129) 9-39; Dumezil 1937 (p 122).
[974] Hommel 1934 (f 425) 9-22; Koepel 1984 (f 164) j 1-3. In the original temple the Senate had erected in 43 b.c. a statue of Caesar: Cic. Att. xn.4).), хш.28.3. On the Forum Augusti see below, p. 833.
[975] Hor. Epod. vii; Ov. Fast, iv.813-14. Cf. Wagenvoort 1956 (в 189); Koch 1954 (f 163); Grant ■975 (filO Ю1-47-