[976] Cf. above, ch. 15, pp. 794, 801-02.
[977] Wissowa 1912 (f 241) 167-73; Alfoldi 1973 (f 83) 18-36; Liebeschuetz 1979 (f 174) 69-71; Kienast 1982 (c 136) 164-7.
[978] Boyance 1950 (f 102). Dion. Hal. Ant. Кот. iv.14.4; Degrassi 1965 (в 226) 269—71.
[979] Festus, p. 108L; Am. Adv. Nat. 111.41 ( = Varro fr. 209 Cardauns).
[980] The only precedent for the Lares Augusti is a solitary dedication from Gallia Cisalpina: Degrassi, ILLRP 200 (59 b.c.), but the popular veneration of the Gracchi and Marius Gratidianus seems to have taken place at the neighbourhood shrines. For the relation between these cults and Augustus' cult of Vesta see below, p. 826-7.
[981] Nash 1968 (e 87) 1 290-1. For full publication see Colini 1961-2 (f 334)andTamassia i96i-2(f 226); Dondin-Payre 1987 (f 330) gives further details. Cf. Holland 1937 (f 420).
[982] IltaI xiii 2, p. 96; Ov. Fast. v.145-6.
ss Zanker 1969 (f 243); Panciera 1987 (E92) 73-8. For example, one altar turned the victory with the official shield of Virtue into a Victory with a purely military shield in front of a trophy.
[984] Panciera 1970 (e 89) 138—51; 1980 (e 90); 1987 (e 92) 61-73. ^H 1975, 14: an attempt to avoid the duties of vici magister, which involved games with venatio.
[985] Sutherland and Carson, R/C1.69, nos 367-8. Cf. R 1С 1.73, no. 410, 13 в.с. Gage 1931 (f 142); also Bayet 1955 (f 89). Gordon 1990 (f 148) stresses the emperor as the archetypal sacrifices
[986] Weinstock 1971 (f 235) 28-34; Lewis 1955 (f 173) 23, 94-101.
[987] R/C1.125, nos. 76—7, 129.no. 107, a.d. 50-4. For the history of this type see BMCRE ni.xl-
xliii. 60 Gage 1930 (f 141).
[989] Revivaclass="underline" Suet. Aug. 31.4; Dio Li.20.4. Repeated: CIL vi 36841; Tac. Ann. xu.23.1. For the semantic link with 'Augustus', see above, p. 822.
[990] RG 10.2; /Ыхш 2, p. 420; Ov. Fast. 111.415-28.
[991] Dio uv.27.3; lv.12.4-5. In 36 b.c. Octavian had been voted a house at public expense: xlix.15.5. Cf. Weinstock 1971 (f 255) 276-81.
[992] Aeneas: Virg. Aen. 11.296,567:0V. Fast. 1. 5 27-8,111.29, vi.227; Met. xv.730-1; Prop, iv.4.69; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rот. 11.65.2. Romulus: Plut. Rom. 22; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 11.64.5-69 argues at length for the (older?) alternative that Numa established the cult in Rome.
[993] Fast. hi.423-6. Ovid does not spell out how they are related. For the various options see
Bomer 1987 (f 98). 67 Ov. Fast, iv.949-54. Cf. Wiseman 1987 (f 81).
« Ov. Fast. 111.699, v. 573; Met. xv.778, retrospectively applied to Julius Caesar. In the third and fourth centuries the pontifices were also known as pontifites Vestae-. RE viii A. 2, 1760.
[996] Wissowa 1912 (f 241) 74; Wilheim 1915 (f 238); Liebeschuetz 1979 (f 174) 70.
[997] Beard and North 1990 (f 92л). 71 Dioxuv.5.3. 72 DioLin.17.8.
73 RG 25; Dio li.20.3. Scheid 1978 (f 62) against Schumacher 1978 (f 65) on numbers. Millar
■977 (A 5?) i 5 7 1 i on the first cumulation of major priesthoods.
[1000] Scheid 1975 (f 61); Syme 1980 (d 70).
[1001] This change might be connected with a development in the function of the sodales Augustaks and other imperial priesthoods in Rome itself, who may have taken over sacrifices to the divi
previously carried out by the Arvals. 86 Suet. Aug. 31.4.
[1003] Dio Lix.11.5. 91 Ov. Fast, rv.367-72 with Brelich 196) (f 104).
Lambrechts 1951 (f 167); Boyance i9h(f io3); Bomer 1964 (f 97); Wiseman 1984 (f 140). For
later developments in the cult at Rome, see Wissowa 1912 (f 241) 519-27; Lambrechts 19)2 (f 168); Van Doren 1955 (f 230).
[1006] Lightning: Suet. Aug. 29.3;Dioxlix.i 5.5. Grandeur: Prop. 11.31; Pliny,HNxxxvi. 24,23, 52.
[1007] Liebeschuetz 1979 (f 174) 82-5; Zanker 1985 (F650). Gros 1976 (f 597) 211-29 disposes of the
alleged restoration of the earlier temple by Sosius in 54-52 b.c. 95 GagЈ 1956 (f 144).
[1009] Nilsson 1920 (f 191); Pighi 196) (в 265), who reprints the sources. There are two new fragments of the inscription in Moretti 1982-4 (в 2)6). La Rocca 1984 (f 16)) 5—j j discusses the Tarentum.
[1010] Suet. Claud. 22, 15.5. Cf. Tac. Ann. xi.ij on baruspices.
[1011] Tac. Ann. in.71. i. Pontificer. Millar 1977 (a 59) j j9—61.
[1012] Whatmough 19} 1 (p 236); Illalxiii 2; Panciera 1973-4 (e 93). The calendar from Cymae (ILS 108 = Iltal xiii 2, p. 279) is very different and probably not civic.
[1013] Festus, p. 146L s.v. municipalia sacra\ Dig. 47.12.3.;.
[1014] Wissowa 1912 (f 241) 157 11.4, 519-21, 555 11.2; Ladage 1971 (f 166) 8-10.
"126 Wissowa 1915 (f 242); Purcell 1983 (f 49) 167-79; Saulnier 1984 (f 216). E.g. ILS 5004.
[1016] ILS 6087. Cf. D'Ors 1953 (в 222) 167-280; Mackie 1983 (E231) 222-3.
[1017] Levick 1967 (e 851) 35—7, SNG von Aulock, Index pp. 224, 241.
[1018] ILS 6308, Capua; Urso sect. 73 ; Frontin. De controversies (Corpus agrimensorum Romanorum, ed. C. Thulin, p. 7; the section is misplaced in the text, but ancient).
[1019] Hyginus Gromaticus, Constitutio limitum (ed. Thulin, p. 135; also pp. 10-11, 131-2). Cf. Le Gall 1975 (f 171) 301-8; Dilke 1988 (f 121).
[1020] Bianchi 1949 (f 95); Barton 1982 (f 86). Cologne and Xanten: Ristow 1967 (f 203); Follmann- Schulz 1986 (e 579) 735-8,766-9. Baalbek: Seyrig 1954 (e 1060); Liebeschuetz 1977 (e 1035) 485-9.
[1021] Ladage 1971 (p 166) 10-11, 32—j, 39—41, 5 1-4, 79-80, 103; Galsterer 1971 (e 221) 59-61.
[1022] ILS 112 = FIRA hi 73 (Narbo, a.d. 11) - the colony may have been founded originally in the late second century b.c.; ILS 4907 = FIRA 111 74 (Salona, a.d. i 37). Cf. CIL xi 361 (Ariminum).
[1023] Dion. Hal. Ant. Rот. iv.26.5; Festus, p. 164.
[1024] Arch. Epb. (1983) 75—84, a.d. i. Cf Price 1984 (p 199). 138 Fayer 1976 (f 134) 213-36.
[1025] Our next information is not until the early second century when Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, can refer to churches (plural) with bishops, in the immediate neighbourhood of Antioch, ad Pbilad.
10 (? including the port of Seleucia, Acts 13:4).