" Other known missionaries at Antioch are converted Jews from Cyprus and Cyrene (Acts 11:io), Barnabas from Jerusalem but by birth a Cypriot (Acts 4:36, 11 :ii), the Gentile Titus (Gal. 2:zf), Simeon called Niger, Manaen, Lucius of Cyrene (Acts 13:1), John Mark (Acts 12:25, from Jerusalem) - as well as visitors from Jerusalem (Silas, Judas Barsabbas (Acts 15:22), Cephas (Gal. 2:11), Agabus (Acts i i:27f). " For these cities see Schŭrer 1979 (e 1207), и §23.7, 9, 11.
[1028] Though we must be aware of fluctuating populations over time, and changing levels of tolerance, Schiirer 1979 (e 1207), 11 §23.31 and 33.
[1029] Ep. Philemon (certainly Pauline, unlike Col.) also records many of these same names. Consult Hemer 1986 (в 80) i78ff on these cities of the Lycus.
[1030] Note, incidentally, the Christian Jew, Aquila of Pontus, Acts 18:2.
[1031] They include, during this period, Priscillaand Aquila (Acts 18:26). Timothy and Erastus(Acts 19:22), Gaius and Aristarchus (Acts 19:29). Col 4:7ff preserves some further names (cf. Philem. if,
M.ijO-
[1032] Two strong candidates are, of course. Magnesia on the Meander and Tralles, to whom Ignatius writes early in the second century.
[1033] One thinks, for example, of Lydia the purple-seller, from Thyatira but domiciled at Philippi at the time of Acts i6:i4f, 40.
[1034] See Frantz 1988 (e 827) i8ff. In 1 Cor. 16:15 we meet Stephanas and his household as the 'first converts in Achaea': are we to suppose they were in Athens at the time of Paul's visit?
[1035] On archisynagogus Schiirer 1979 (e 1207) и 434ft.
[1036] To judge from the reception they give Paul on his arrival in Corinth we probably ought to surmise that Prisca and Aquila, the much-travelled Jewish artisans recently come from Rome, are already Christians (Acts i8:iff, cf. Acts 18:18, Rom. i6:jff) - though it was not to the writer's purpose to emphasize this fact, and Paul feels free to boast in 2 Cor. 10:14 'we were the first to reach you [Corinthians] in preaching the gospel of Christ'.
[1037] To the households of Stephanas, Titius Iustus, Gaius, Prisca and Aquila (already noted) we should probably add that of Chloe (1 Cor. 1:11). It was a fact worth recording that Gaius could act as 'host of the whole church' in Corinth, Rom. 16:23.
[1038] Acts, typically, places emphasis on the respect Paul wins of'the first man of the island, named Publius' and on Paul's wonder-working (Acts it-.ySff): of actual converts we hear nothing.
[1039] It is characteristic of our patchy information that we have to wait until the middle of the third century for the first firm evidence of Christianity in Sicily, [Cyprian], Ep. 50.5.2.
[1040] Later documents understand the aspiration to have been realized, Clem, ad Cor. 5.7, Мига/. Canon PL 5.181, Jerome, Commtn/. in Cap. xi. Isai. PL 24.151.
44 It would not be unreasonable to conjecture that in other similar Italian port-cities such as Ostia - with the same combination of resident Jewish community and exposure to frequent travellers - some Christian cell, however small, might also have been found. But it must remain conjecture.
[1042] There is a congregation at the Roman house of Prisca and Aquila and note the household groups of Aristobulus and Narcissus (Rom. i6:)f, 11) as well as the further two identifiable and separate groups in Rom. i6:i4f. And some ethnic enclaves could be expected.
[1043] Meeks 1983 (f 18 j) en&(Corinth), 5 5 ff (other names in the Pauline churches) provides a useful
survey. 52 For careful analyses, Witherington 1988 (f 82).
[1045] Sec Brooten 1982 (e 1098).
[1046] The neologism Christianas being a derogatory epithet devised by their opponents, Acts 11:26 (Antioch) - still in vogue as a taunt there in the late second century, Theophilus, ad Autol. 1.12.
[1047] Emblematically encapsulated in the words of Agabus in prophecy: 'Thus will the Jews in Jerusalem bind the man whose belt this is and hand him over to the Gentiles' (Acts 21:11).
[1048] See, for example, Sherwin-White 196) (d 109) 4off.
[1049] Cohen 197; (f 18). For discussion of social structures over a longer period see Garnsey and Sailer 1987 (a 34) ch. 6; Alfoldy 1985 (f i) ch. 5. MacMullen 1974 (f 44) ch. 4 gives a broader perspective on the economic basis of class. See also de Ste Croix 1981 (A90) 35 off.
[1050] Wiseman 1971 (d 81) 6jff, 1 i6ff. Cf. Harris 1988 (f40).
[1051] Crassus: Whitehead 1986 (f 80); Ahenobarbus: Brunt 197; (f 13) 619it, 634^ Lucullus: Shatzman 1975 (d64) 378-81. For republican senatorial fortunes in general see Shatzman 1975 (d64).
[1052] Par ad. 47ff, cf. Wiseman 1970 (d 80) 77.
[1053] Pliny, HN xxxiii. 135; Brunt 1975 (f 13).
[1054] EJ2 358. Maximus' father, Messalla Corvinus, had probably gained from the civil wars (Syme 1958 (в 176) li )7з). His mother was presumably the heiress of the Aurelii Cottae: Syme 1985 (a 95) 131-2.
[1055] Wiseman 1971 (d 81) 9iff; Dobson 1974 (d 182) 392ff; Treggiari 1969 (f 68) ioiff, 109.
[1056] On earnings, Wells 1984 (a ioi) 203-5 for a succinct and judicious summary; Duncan-Jones 1982 (л 24) 54. For more general accounts of lower-class workers Garnsey i98o(f 57); Brunt 1980(0 ii7);de Ste Croix 1981 (a 90) i87ff;MacMullen 1974 (f 44) 42-5, on a later period, is suggestive. On soldiers, Campbell 1984 (d 173) i77ff.
[1057] Cf. Balsdon 1979 (a 2) i9f; Wiseman 1974 (d 82).
[1058] Wiseman 1971 (d 81); Brunt 1982 (f 14); Hopkins 198} (a 46) j6ff; Syme 1986 (a 95).
[1059] Sen. Ep. ioi.if. For the topos on social mobility see Sen. Соя/гор. t.6.)f, with Winterbottomad lee.
[1060] Brunt 1965 (f ii), 1988 (f 15); Wiseman 1971 (d 81) 3 jff; Sailer 1982 (f 59); Wallace-Hadrill I989 (F 75)-
[1061] Tac. Dial, vni.3. Curtius Rufus (cos. suff. a.d. 43, legate of Upper Germany 47) was alleged to
[1062] Hor. Epitt. 1.2. especially 7-11,12-16, 17-22, 25, 26-53. (Dated to 22 by Fraenkel 1957 (в 53)
316.) 36 Nep. Att. 10.2; Hor. Carm. i.54.i2ff, 1.55.if. 37 Nep. Alt. 16.4.
38 Yavetz 1985 (c 252) 154f. 35 Syme 1959 (a 93) jo6f; Wells 1984 (a ioi) ; jff.
[1065] Cf. Balsdon 1971 (в 11).
[1066] Ant. Rom. 11.24-26. i. On this tendentious passage see Corbett 1930 (f 6 jo) aigff; Watson 1973 (f 701) 34.
[1067] RG 19.2, 20.4, cf. App. 2; Nep. Att. 20.3 (temple of luppiter Feretrius restored on Atticus' advice).
[1068] Prop. 11.7. Cf. Flor. 11.34; Oros. vi.22.3. The view given in the text is best presented by Williams 1962 (c 231). Badian 1983 (f 4) has recently challenged this reconstruction (with full bibliography).
[1069] D. 40.8.1. Silanian decree: Barrow 1928 (f 5) 56. See also Watson 1983 (f 702).
[1070] Tac. Ann. iv.27.3 for Rome. Brunt 1971 (a 9) 131-55 for Italy.
[1071] Brunt 1971 (a 9) 114 (birth registration mentioned in both the Lex Aelia Sentia and the Lex Papia Poppaea, cf. FIR A in 2-3), ibid. 120 (aliens). See Gardner 1986 (f 34).