Nrs — Novoe russkoe slovo
NYT — New York Times
NYTr — New York Tribune
ON — Orient News
P — Programma
Rezh — Restorannaia zhizn’
Rzh — Rampa i zhizn’
S — Stamboul
Sa — Stsena i arena
SFN — San Francisco Chronicle
Tg — Teatral’naia gazeta
Ti — Teatr i iskusstvo
Tk — Teatr i kino
VM — Vsia Moskva
Vp — Vecherniaia pressa
Vt — Var’ete i tsirk
WP — Washington Post
Prologue
1–2 Jenkins: Jenkins to USSS, April 6, 22, 1919; Burri on Odessa, CP Odessa, box 1, RG 84. conditions in Odessa: Papers Relating 1919, 751, 753; Munholland, 49–50, 53; Brygin, 478; Xydias, 302. d’Anselme: Munholland, 56–58; see also Margulies, 307; Kantorovich, 261; Kettle, 249–53; Priest, 90. Bagge: BHC to BSS, April 26, 1919; Bagge’s interview with d’Espèrey, April 20, 1919, FO 371/3964, 362–65, NA.
3–4 Frederick’s stolen passport: Frederick to Ravndal, May 10, 1921, CPI 337. Russian citizenship: petition to Imperial Ministry of Internal Affairs, Aug. 2, 1914: RGIA f. 1284, op. 247, d. 26. 1914–1915 g.g. (5 pp.); application presented to Nicholas II and his approvaclass="underline" RGIA f. 1276 (Sovet ministrov), op. 17, d. 345, ll. 134–35 ob.
5–6 evacuation: Jenkins’s reports to USSS, CP Odessa, box 1, RG84. Olga: BHC to USHC, Feb. 26, 1920, DPT 411. Frederick’s loss of fortune, Odessa’s banks: Sackett; Gurko, 147; Kettle, 253. Jenkins’s reports to USSS, ibid. Bagge interview with d’Espèrey, April 20, 1919, and Bagge to Graham, May 8, 10, 12, 1919, Letter and memoranda on evacuation of Odessa, FO 371/3964, 362–97, NA.
7–8 Imperator Nikolay’s delays, d’Anselme’s announcement, London Hoteclass="underline" Lobanov-Rostovsky, 332–33; Kettle, 253; Kantorovich, 263. confusion indescribable: Jenkins’s reports to USSS, CP Odessa, box 1, RG84; Silverlight, 207. Cooke: BHC to BSS, April 25, 1919; Cooke on evacuation of Odessa, FO 371/3964, 337–61, NA; Kettle, 254, 255–57. MLB, April 10, 1919, Special Report on Odessa Evacuation. Imperator Nikolay’s departure, Bolsheviks arrive, Odessa’s appearance: Jenkins’s reports to USSS, ibid. Lobanov-Rostovsky, 338; Kantorovich, 264; Tumanov, 85; Kettle, 256.
9–10 Imperator Nikolay and conditions: Lobanov-Rostovsky, 338; Kettle, 256. Bagge to Graham on evacuation of Odessa, FO 371/3964, 366–97, NA. Imperator Nikolay’s voyage: Chevilly to Haut Commissaire, April 7, 1919; Bigaut to Vincent, April 21, 1919; d’Espèrey to Haut Commissaire, April 6, 7, 16, 1919; Vincent to Poulon, April 22, 1919, Ankara (ambassade), lot no. 2, Haut-Commissariat français à Constantinople, année 1919, boxes 2, 38, CADN.
11–12 “delousing”: it was similar throughout the Constantinople area: Tumanov, 87; N. Kormilev, “Proshchai, Odessa! 2,” Nrs, May 8, 1975, 3; I. Gardner, “Bredovyi khorovod,” Nrs, July 15, 1977, 2.
13–14 d’Espèrey and French arrangements: d’Espèrey to Haut Commissaire, April 6, 16, 1919; Vincent to Poulon, April 22, 1919, Ankara (ambassade), lot no. 2, Haut-Commissariat français à Constantinople, année 1919, boxes 2, 38, CADN. Vincent to British Naval Attaché, April 14, 1919, FO 371/3964, 415–18. Bolsheviks in Odessa: Papers Relating 1919, 768; Gde obryvaetsia Rossiia, “Oblozhenie burzhuazii,” 272. Thomases arrive in Constantinople: DF. “nervous collapse”: Jenkins to USSS, “Urgent” telegram, May 29, 1919, Department of State, Decimal File, box 1460 (123J 411/65), RG 59.
15–16 Constantinople and Bosporus: “City of Minarets and Mud,” NYT, Nov. 5, 1922, 4, 13; “Constantinople, Where East Met West,” AC, Aug. 5, 1923, 21; Marcosson; Armstrong, 71–72.
Chapter One
1 “The Most Southern Place on Earth”: Cobb. Hannah and Lewis, November 4, 1872: information about Frederick’s parents and his date of birth is compiled from various sources: TT, CC, U.S. Census data for 1870 (the Thomas family was counted twice by mistake) and 1880, and his passport applications. they had been slaves: TT; Sackett. blacks outnumbered whites, most blacks owned nothing: 1870 U.S. Census, Schedule 1: Population, and Schedule 3: Productions of Agriculture, Coahoma and Tallahatchie Counties, Mississippi; Cobb, 30; Weeks, 34; Aiken, 9–10, 17.
2–3 1869 auction: CCR S, 19. Lewis was credited with having produced 48 bales of cotton by June 1, 1870 (U.S. Census, Schedule 3, Productions of Agriculture, District No. 5, Tallahatchie County, Mississippi), which means that he took possession of the land before the spring of 1869. Cheairs brothers: TT; Edwards, 1981, 6–7; Edwards, in Mabry, 1, 59. Cheairs family members were still active in the area in the 1880s and 1890s: Calvin Cheairs’ Executors v. Samuel D. Cheairs’ Administrators, 671; 1880 U.S. Census, Special Schedules of Manufactures, Nos. 7 and 8, District No. 110, Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. depression, land prices: Cobb, 54–55, 74; Willis, 45–46. Thomases’ first season: 1870 U.S. Census, Schedule 3, Tallahatchie, ibid.
4–5 Coahoma County’s appearance, character, settlement: Cobb, vii, 5, 8, 10, 14, 30, 43, 78; Weeks, 3, 9, 34; Bonner, 31–32; Edwards, 1980, 7. lives of the rich: Cobb, 16. lives of slaves, mosquitoes, black children’s mortality: Cobb, 20–22; 13, 45; Weeks, 7; Williamson, 47. slaves kept illiterate: Margo, 7–8.
6–7 freedmen, sharecropping, whites thwart land rentaclass="underline" Cobb, 51, 55, 60, 71; Aiken, 17; Williamson, 46.
8 Frederick’s siblings, parents: U.S. Censuses, 1870, 1880. In court documents filed in 1890 and 1891, India mentioned only Frederick and her daughter, his half sister, Ophelia.
9–10 Lewis’s character: see below, Memphis newspaper stories for October 1890; Dickerson v. Thomas (April 1890), 781. parents’ literacy: India was literate: CC, 1880 U.S. Federal Census for Coahoma County, MS. Lewis was illiterate: 1870 U.S. Federal Census, Tallahatchie County, MS. In all CC documents he “makes his mark.” names: Puckett; I am also grateful to Professor Glenda Gilmore for additional information. Bruce: Biographical Directory; “Blanche Kelso Bruce.”
11–12 Frederick’s childhood, hunting, fishing, wildlife: Cobb, 15, 44; Weeks, 7; Bonner, 32, 59, 2; Cohn, 1948, 26. smells and sounds: Bonner, 56–61, 128, 127; Oats, 2; Cohn, 1995, 2.
13–14 1870 census data: Schedule 3, Productions of Agriculture in District No. 5, Tallahatchie County. 48 bales: estimate based on data from 1870 census. hired hands: 1880 U.S. Census, Schedule 2, Productions of Agriculture in District 101, Coahoma County, shows “Key” and “Ralph Florida” in the Thomas household.