3–4 Columbian Exposition, Panic of 1893: Bogart and Mathews, 394–401, 398–99. Frederick in New York: TT. New York: Wilder, 116–19, 269 n. 29; Sacks, 3–5, 22–23, 26, 32–36, 42–43, 45–46. blacks and Brooklyn: Harris, 279–288.
5–6 Clarendon Hoteclass="underline" TT; Brooklyn Daily, 1894, 105. Williams: TT; Slide, 559; Trow’s New York City Directory, 1894, 1506. Herman: TT. Frederick’s singing: Penn, 24–28.
7 ships, travel abroad: TT; “Marine Intelligence,” NYT, for Sept. and later months, 1894; Baedeker, London, 1898, 2. Frederick’s departure, arrival in England: passport applications; UK Incoming Passenger Lists, Oct. 16, 1894, Ancestry.com; Baedeker, London, 2-3.
8–9 The English and racial prejudice: “The Negro Abroad,” BDG, Feb. 2, 1902, 44; “Victoria’s Black Knight,” NYTr, July 30, 1893, 18. prejudiced American: “The Negro’s Paradise,” CDT, Sept. 26, 1891, 10. Drysdale: “London Overrun with Dark-Skinned Colonials,” NYT, June 20, 1897, 20.
10–11 “Conservatory of Music”: TT. Frederick may have been referring to the “West London Conservatoire of Music,” which did provide training in voice as well as instrumental music: The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular, Aug. 1, 1896, 508. boardinghouse, restaurant: TT. India’s mortgage: CCR E: 282–85.
12–13 Paris: TT. letter of introduction: Eustis to Police Prefect, July 12, 1895, DP France 588, RG 84. ferries: Baedeker, London, 1898, 5. learning French: Baedeker, Paris, xi. Frederick confident and extroverted: see Lloyd, 47, who makes this point about another black man learning French well. Frederick’s addresses: Frederick’s 1896 passport application, Eustis to Police Prefect, ibid.
14–15 Johnson: quoted in Lloyd, 38–39. French less class-conscious: Abbott, 27, 8; Life and Labour, 149–50; Elson, 279. romantic possibilities: “Negroes Have a Chance,” EN, Dec. 28, 1898, 7.
16–17 passport, ambassador and son are southerners: March 17, 1896, Emergency Passport Applications, 1877–1907, NARA microfilm publication M1834, roll 11. “Death of James B. Eustis,” NYT, Sept. 10, 1899, 11. Brussels, Ostend, Cannes, Restaurant Cuba, Germany: TT; Baedeker, Belgium, 193; Baedeker, South-Eastern France, 257–58. German discipline: Vecchi, 20–23, 24.
18–19 Drysdale in Monaco: his first article that mentions Frederick: “A Glimpse of Monte Carlo,” March 6, 1898 [dated Feb. 10], 16; I repeat some of Drysdale’s turns of phrase verbatim. Drysdale born in Pennsylvania: “William Drysdale Dead,” NYT, Sept. 21, 1901, 7. romanticized South: Sacks, 43–45. Frederick’s real name: evidence that “George” is actually Frederick is compiled from various sources: Penn, 28–30; TT; Frederick’s passport applications and early photographs; Drysdale, “Gambling at High Noon,” NYT, March 20, 1898, 17. Pullman porters: Reed, Black Chicago’s First Century, 194–95. Frederick’s French: Drysdale, “Monaco a Venerable City,” NYT, April 3, 1898, 16. language study: Abbott, 37–38. Frederick about locals’ abilities: Drysdale, “Monte Carlo and Monaco,” NYT, March 13, 1898, 16.
20–21 Frederick left for Italy: TT; “Monaco a Venerable City,” NYT, April 3, 1898 [dated March 7], 16. grand duke: Penn, 29–30. authoritarian Russian Empire: Heyking, 51–55. Frederick’s passport: May 13, 1899, Emergency Passport Applications, 1877–1907, NARA microfilm publication M1834, roll 14, Vol. 22, NARA.
22 Dreyfus: Merriman, 810–12. Russian peasants: Riasanovsky, 409–15.
Chapter Three
1–2 Arrival formalities, customs, surveillance, uniforms, train to Moscow: Baedeker, Russia, xviii–xxi; Troyat, 13–17; De Windt, 2–3; Holmes, 7 –11; Fussell, 16–17.
3–4 first year in Russia: TT; B.P.S., “Moskovskii obzor var’ete i tsirka,” Vt, Oct. 1, 1912, 5. St. Petersburg, Odessa, Moscow: Baedeker, Russia, 99, 89, xvi, 395, 277. Moscow’s churches: Putevoditel’ po Moskve, 323. Bonaparte: Tolstoy, 871, gives a historically accurate description. Kremlin, “nothing above Moscow”: Baedeker, Russia, 278.
5–6 “soundscape”: Williams, xv–xvi; Shneider, 79. electric tramway, horsepower: Il’in and Kagan, 40. Muscovites’ appearance: Baedeker, Russia, 277; De Windt, 26–27; Shneider, 81; Wood, 111. Russians’ Asiatic streak: Schimmelpenninck, 3–4. black people in Russia: see Blakely’s indispensable study.
7 McKay: McKay, 1924, 114, 115; McKay, 1923, 65. Harris: Talmadge, 247. See also “Episkop-negr”; Drape, 114; Hotaling, 91. For black performers in Russia, see Lotz. “Southern woman”: “Constantinople Cafe Owned by Southern Negro,” CDE, Oct. 7, 1922, 7.
8–9 Frederick’s addresses, Triumphal Square: Il’in and Kagan, 42; Il’in, 134, 141-42; Frederick’s passport application, June 29, 1907, CPM 534. valet: Marcosson, 44; “Russian Nobility Now Work for Ex-Servant in Turkey,” CDe, April 12, 1924, A1; Kitchen, 88. Hedwig, marriage, children: Frederick’s wedding: TsIAM, f. 1476, op. 2, d. 14, l. 311 ob.; Hedwig’s passport application, Dec. 17, 1909, CPM 534. Chukhinsky Lane: VM 1901, 453, 272, 393, 1112. provincial feeclass="underline" Il’in and Kagan, 49–50.
10–11 Aquarium: “Staryi Moskvich”; Dmitriev, 20; Radunskii, 49; Monakhov, 36–38; Kriger, 168; Anisimov, 84–88. Aumont: Uvarova, “Var’ete,” 106; Ruga and Kokorev, 426.
12–13 Trukhanova: Trukhanova, 23, 48–49, 52, 53, 57, 58–59.
14–15 Russo-Japanese War, American historian: Riasanovsky, 445–47. Russo-American relations: Saul, 1991, 339–96; 1996, 484–85, 509–11. anti-Chinese racism: Daniels, 3, 12–26. “unbecoming for Americans to criticize”: Herring, 352; Saul, 1996, 476–77, 523–27.
16–17 1905 Revolution: Riasanovsky, 450–51; Merriman, 789–91. siege of the Aquarium, Moscow: Engelstein, 49, 197–98, 220; Ascher, 315–22. ambassador’s telegram: Despatches from United States, reel 65, Dec. 11, 1905. killings and executions: Riasanovsky, 458; Fitzpatrick, 35.