Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 203-4.
Ibid., pp. 268-72.
Ibid., pp. 272-79. The district soviet deputies were received by the Bureau
of the Central Executive Committee later the same day, but there is no evidence that the mission had any effect.
Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 144—45.
Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 279-80.
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 46.
5 • The Bolshevik Resurgence
An initial edition of the Sixth Congress protocols appeared in 1919 (Izdatel'stvo Kommunist). It was obviously incomplete, quite likely more than anything else a reflection of the difficult circumstances under which the congress met. According to Soviet sources, the secretarial record of the congress was then lost, as a result of which the original 1919 edition has been the basis of all subsequent editions of the Sixth Congress protocols. These appeared in 1927, 1934, and, most recently, 1958.
Shestoi s"ezd, pp. 27-36, 270.
Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie: liuVskii krizis, p. 326.
Shestoi s"ezd, pp. 109, 423-24.
Il'in-Zhenevskii, Ot fevralia k zakhvatu vlasti, p. 96.
Shestoi s"ezd, pp. 69-70.
Il'in-Zhenevskii, Ot fevralia k zakhvatu vlasti, p. 96.
Shestoi s"ezd, p. 7.
I. P. Flerovskii, "Lenin i kronshtadtsy," in О Vladimire IViche Lenine (Moscow, 1963), p. 276; I. P. Flerovskii, "Na putiakh к oktiabriu," in Institut marksizma-leninizma pri TsK KPSS, Velikaia oktiabr'skaia sotsialisticheskaia revoliu- tsiia: Sbornik vospominanii uchastnikov revoliutsii v Retrograde i Moskve (Moscow, 1957), p. 105.
Shestoi s"ezd, p. 28.
Ibid., p. 122.
Ibid., pp. 111-12.
Not included, apparently intentionally, in any editions of the Sixth Congress protocols and materials, this draft resolution was published shortly after the congress in the August 13 issue of the Kiev Bolshevik paper, Golos sotsial-demokrata. From some notations made by Lenin before his departure for Finland, it appears clear that he prepared a draft resolution "On the Current Moment" specifically for the congress. For these notations see Leninskii sbornik, vol. 21 (Moscow, 1933), pp. 81-82. The resolution itself was finally republished in A. M. Sovokin, Vpreddverii oktiabria (Moscow, 1973), pp. 336-41. Heretofore most Soviet sources suggested that the text of this resolution had never been found.
On this point see Oktiabrskoe vooruzhennoe vosstanie, vol. 2, p. 96. More fundamental theoretical questions relating to the very possibility of a socialist revolution in Russia were raised by only three delegates: Nogin, Evgenii Preob- razhensky, and N. S. Angarsky.
Shestoi s"ezd, pp. 116-18.
Ibid., pp. 119-20.
Ibid., pp. 124—25; for a valuable view7 of the revolution in Baku, see Suny, The Baku Commune 1911-1918.
Shestoi s"ezd, pp. 134-36.
Ibid., pp. 114-42.
Ibid., pp. 125-28.
Ibid., pp. 131-32.
Ibid., pp. 133-32.
Ibid., pp. 133-39.
For the text of this resolution, see Institut marksizma-leninizma pri TsK KPSS, Institut istorii parti MK i MGK KPSS, Podgotovka i pobeda oktiabr'skoi revoliutsii v Moskve (Moscow, 1957), pp. 202-4.
Shestoi s"ezd, pp. 144-45.
A. M. Sovokin, "Razrabotka V. I. Leninym novoi taktike partii posle iiul'skikh sobytii 1917 g.," (Candidate dissertation, Institute of Marxism-Leninism, Moscow, 1962), p. 185; Shestoi s"ezd, p. 251.
Shestoi s"ezd, pp. 225-27.
Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii, et al., Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Ros- sii v avguste 1911 g.: Razgrom kornilovskogo miatezha, ed. D. A. Chugaev, et al. (Moscow, 1959), p. 46.
On this point see Oktiabr'skoe vooruzhennoe vosstanie, vol. 1, p. 385.
Thus participants in a gathering of local SR officials on August 23, reviewing developments since mid-July, worried aloud about significant membership losses to the Bolsheviks. Only a very few representatives of SR district party committees were able to say that support for the SRs in their areas was undiminished. Oktiabr'skoe vooruzhennoe vosstanie, vol. 1, pp. 387-88.
At the end of July, in elections to the Kronstadt Duma, the Bolshevik list, headed by Raskolnikov, received 10,214 votes of the 28,154 votes cast, second only to the SRs, with 10,900 votes.
Early August elections to the powerful Kronstadt Soviet provided an even more striking sign of support for the Bolsheviks: ninety-six Bolsheviks took seats in the new soviet alongside ninety-six nonaffiliated candidates, seventy-three SRs, thirteen Mensheviks, and seven anarchists. (Of 280 deputies in the first Kronstadt Soviet formed in March, only sixty were Bolsheviks. The second Kronstadt Soviet, elected in early May, contained ninety-three Bolsheviks, ninety-one SRs, forty-six Mensheviks, and sixty-eight nonaffiliated deputies.) Nonetheless, even now the Bolsheviks did not have a majority in the Kronstadt Soviet; an SR, Konstantin Shugrin, was elected chairman. Petrogradskii listok, July 30, p. 2; Izvestiia Kronshtadtskogo soveta, August 13, p. 1; S. S. Khesin, Oktiabr'skaia revoliutsiia i flot (Moscow, 1971), pp. 74-75, 153, 299.
A. M. Andreev, Sovety rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov nakanune oktiabria (Moscow, 1967), pp. 255-59; L. F. Karamysheva, Bor'ba bol'shevikov za Petrogradskii sovet (Leningrad, 1964), p. 136.
Vladimirova, Khronika sobytii, vol. 4, p. 24.
Novaia zhizn', August 8, p. 3.
See below, pp. 110-15.
Rech', August 15, p. 1.
Pervyi legal'nyi Peterburgskii komitet, pp. 223-26, 232-33.
Soldat, August 19, p. I; Proletarii, August 19, p. 1.
Soldat, August 19, p. 1; Proletarii, August 20, p. 1.
For a valuable analysis of the vote, see William G. Rosenberg, "The Russian Municipal Duma Elections of 1917: A Preliminary Computation of Returns," Soviet Studies, XXI (1969), pp. 152-63.
Rech\ August 23, p. 1. According to this writer, the actual vote totals didn't mean much because (1) absenteeism had been highest in areas of greatest Kadet strength, and (2) the SR and Bolshevik figures were swelled by the votes of thousands of soldiers who were only temporary residents of the capital. To him, the most essential point was that 40 percent of the total vote minus soldiers was Kadet.
Novaia zhizn\ August 23, p. 1.
Rabochaiagazeta, August 23, p. 1.
Rabochaia gazeta, August 24, p. 1.
6 • The Rise of Kornilov
On August 11 an uncontrolled fire in the Malaia Okhta District totally destroyed four factories and a large quantity of shells. Three days later fire ravaged a gunpowder plant and ammunition depot in Kazan; spectacular incendiary explosions there went on for three days. Moreover, on August 16 yet another major industrial fire leveled the sprawling Westinghouse factory in Petrograd.
Shortages of bread, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, and other essential foodstuffs increased dramatically at the end of the summer and in the early fall. Most seriously affected by these shortages were citizens with low incomes, unable to deal in the black market which now flourished everywhere, or even to afford the somewhat lower albeit rapidly rising prices in legitimate produce shops. Simultaneously, the supply of fuel for home and industrial use also became critical; in early August government officials were warning that by midwinter 50 percent of Petrograd factories would be forced to shut down for lack of fuel. Oktiabr'skoe vooruzhennoe vosstanie, vol. 2, pp. 5-16, 69-86.