J. D. White, "The Kornilov Affair: A Study in Counterrevolution," Soviet Studies, vol. XX (1968), pp. 188-89.
See Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution, pp. 196-200.
Ibid.
Made up primarily of conservatively inclined army officers, the Union of Officers, the Military League, and the Union of Saint George Cavaliers were originally formed shortly after the February revolution to help arrest the deterioration in the position of officers and the breakdown of traditional discipline in the armed forces, and, in general, to further the cause of "war to victory." In addition to maintaining a central headquarters at Mogilev, the Main Committee of the Union of Officers had representatives scattered on the various Russian fronts. Membership in the Union of Saint George Cavaliers was limited to holders of the Cross of Saint George, awarded for heroism in battle. Like other ultrapatriotic pressure groups, the Union of Officers, the Military League, and the Union of Saint George Cavaliers were hostile to the soviets and rabidly anti-Bolshevik.
White, "The Kornilov Affair," p. 187.
V. Ia. Laverychev, "Russkie monopolisty i zagovor Kornilova," Voprosy istorii, 1964, no. 4, p. 36.
N. Ia. Ivanov, Kornilovshchina i ее razgrom (Leningrad, 1965), pp. 34—37.
E. I. Martynov, Kornilov: Popytka voennogoperevorota (Leningrad, 1927), pp. 11-17.
Ibid., pp. 16-18.
Ibid., p. 20.
Akademiia nauk SSSR, Institut istorii, et al., Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Ros- sii posle sverzheniia samoderzhaviia, ed. D. A. Chugaev, et al. (Moscow, 1957), pp. 409-10.
Martynov, Kornilov, p. 18.
P. N. Miliukov, Rossiia na perelome, 2 vols. (Paris, 1927), vol. 2, p. 67.
I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia 0 fevraVskoi revoliutsii, 2 vols. (Paris, 1963), vol. 1, pp. 91-92.
The group had its own weekly journal, Freedom in Struggle.
Laverychev, "Russkie monopolisty," pp. 34—35; White, "The Kornilov Affair," pp. 187-88. It appears that Zavoiko was acting on behalf of his own organization, grouped around Freedom in Struggle, rather than on behalf of the Society for the Economic Rehabilitation of Russia, as is suggested by Laverychev and White.
Zavoiko was the son of an admiral who had distinguished himself in the Crimean War. At the turn of the century, Zavoiko, then in his twenties, managed to acquire a large personal fortune through some highly questionable real estate transactions while serving as a district marshal of the nobility in Poland. (Martynov, Kornilov, pp. 20-21.) After the 1905 revolution he became active in oil industry management and in high industrial finance. He was also involved in political journalism; during World War I he served as copublisher of an extreme right newspaper, Russkaia volia, and in April 1917, prior to his departure for the front, he was editor and publisher of Freedom in Struggle.
P. N. Miliukov, Istoriia vtoroi russkoi revoliutsii, 2 vols. (Sofia, 1921-1924), vol. 1, part 2, p. 60.
Martynov, Kornilov, p. 20.
W. S. Woytinsky, Stormy Passage (New York, 1961), p. 3 3 3.
See above pp. 22-23.
See Rabochaia gazeta, July 29, p. 3; N. Bukhbinder, "Na fronte v predoktiabr'skie dni," KL, 1923, no. 6, pp. 32-34.
Bukhbinder, "Na fronte v predoktiabr'skie dni," p. 34.
Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution, p. 207.
Martynov, Kornilov, p. 25.
Ibid., p. 29.
General Nikolai Ruzsky was commander of the northern front at the time of the February revolution, a post which he held until April. General Mikhail Alekseev was commander-in-chief of the Russian army from early March until May 21, 1917. At the time of the Stavka conference, both officers were still awaiting reassignment.
Bukhbinder, "Na fronte v predoktiabr'skie dni," p. 39. This source contains full protocols of the July 16 Stavka conference, excerpts of which have been translated into English in R. P. Browder and A. F. Kerensky, eds., The Russian Provisional Government 1917, 3 vols. (Stanford, 1961), vol. 2, pp. 989-1010.
Bukhbinder, "Na fronte v predoktiabr'skie dni," pp. 21-27. The Declaration of Soldiers' Rights was a statement of democratic rights initially published by the Petrograd Soviet on March 15 and issued in revised form by War Minister Kerensky on May 11.
D. V. Lehovich, White against Red: The Life of General Anton Denikin (New York, 1974), p. 104.
M. V. Alekseev, "Iz dnevnika generala Alekseeva," Russkii istoricheskii arkhiv, vol. 1 (Prague, 1929), p. 41.
Martynov, Kornilov, pp. 32-33; Bukhbinder, "Na fronte v predoktiabr'skie dni," p. 31.
A. I. Denikin, Ocherki russkoi smuty, vol. 1, part 2 (Paris, 1921), p. 188.
Bukhbinder, "Na fronte v predoktiabr'skie dni," p. 31; see also Ivanov, Kornilovshchina i ее razgrom, p. 39.
Miatezh Kornilova: Iz belykh memuarov (Leningrad, 1928), p. 202. See also B. Savinkov, "General Kornilov: Iz vospominanii," Byloe, 1925, no. 3 (31), pp. 188-90.
A. F. Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York, 1927), p. 114.
A. F. Kerensky, Prelude to Bolshevism: The Kornilov Rising (New York, 1919), pp. xiii, 13-14.
On this point, see White, "The Kornilov Affair," pp. 196-97.
Ivanov, Kornilovshchina i ее razgrom, p. 41.
Soviet historians have speculated with good reason that this was less because of reservations about Cheremisov's abilities as a military leader than because of his reputation for "leftism" and concern about him as a potential political rival. For example, see Martynov, Kornilov, p. 40.
V. Vladimirova, Kontr-revoliutsiia v 1917 g. (Kornilovshchina) (Moscow, 1924), p. 48.
General Denikin was now appointed commander of the southwestern front.
Martynov, Kornilov, p. 45; Ivanov, Kornilovshchina i ее razgrom, p. 53.
Martynov, Kornilov, p. 48.
For example, set Izvestiia, August 5, p. 3.
Novaia zhizn\ August 8, p. 3; see above, pp. 90-91.
Izvestiia, August 4, p. 4; see also Novaia zhizn\ August 4, p. 3.
See below, pp. 110-15.
Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii: Razgrom kornilovskogo miatezha, p. 360; for an illuminating analysis of Kadet behavior at the conference, see Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution, pp. 210-18.
M. F., "K istorii Kornilovshchiny," KL, 1924, no. 1 (10), pp. 207-17, contains the full text of this revised proposal. See also Ivanov, Kornilovshchina i ее razgrom, pp. 57-58, and Vladimirova, Khronika sobytii, vol. 4, pp. 36-37.