Journal at my side, I decided to start by taking a happiness inventory (available, along with a bunch of other quizzes, at authen tichappiness.org, the Web site run by positive psychology guru Martin Seligman). I scored a 3.58 out of 5, putting myself ahead of 77 percent of participants, but still leaving plenty of room for improvement—as evidenced by my first journal entry.
“It’s been a somewhat depressing day,” starts my gratitude journal. “Or, rather, week.”
At first, it felt a little awkward to keep a journal specifically for gratitude—I felt as if I should plaster my car in cheesy bumper stickers (“Happiness is”) and call it a day. But even on that first downbeat afternoon, my journal did make me feel a little better about things. Listing things I was grateful for made me feel, well, grateful for them—and since I’d also decided to jot down moments each day that had made me happy (another positive psychology-endorsed exercise), I had a concrete list of cheerful experiences to look back on when I was feeling down. Thanks to my journal, I know that on January 18 I was happy because I’d exercised, had a good Chinese lesson, and spent 15 minutes dancing around my room to Shakira’s “Hips Don’t Lie.” On January 30, I was grateful for my perseverance, the Pacific Ocean, and the fact that I have really, really good cholesterol.
I’ve always kept a journal, but once my initial excitement about my new project had passed, my writing schedule felt a bit contrived—I often had to force myself to stay awake for a few minutes before bedtime so that I wouldn’t miss an entry. But I quickly found that encouraging myself to focus on the good in my life instead of dwelling on the bad was helping me gain a bit of perspective on things. “The actions in my day-to-day life are actually quite pleasant,” I wrote on January 21, in a moment of insight. “It’s anxieties that get me derailed.”
It was also good to get in the habit of countering bad things in my day with reflections on the good. For example, on February 1—which I described as “having a lot going against it”—I wrote that I “spent a bunch of the day cleaning my room and trying to get my new phone to work, went on fruitless errands, ripped out part of a sweater I was knitting, and when I e-mailed the pattern designer—who goes by “Yarn Boy”—to ask if he could help me figure out where I’d gone wrong, he sent me an e-mail back telling me to ‘take it to a yarn shop.’ Thanks a lot, Yarn Ass.” And yet the entry ends as follows: “But I did get my phone set up and cleaned my room a bit. Chinese went well. I got cute new barrettes. I worked out even though I didn’t feel like it, then I savored the feel of my calf muscles.”
That might not sound like much, but trust me: it’s an improvement.
Despite my calf muscle appreciation, I wasn’t exactly sure how to practice my “savoring” exercise, so I e-mailed Todd Kashdan, a psychology professor at George Mason University who teaches an immensely popular class called “Science of Well-Being and Character Strengths.” Kashdan, who worked on the floor of the stock exchange until a late-night revelation on a golf course made him realize he’d rather spend his life studying creativity and happiness, wrote back quickly.
“You can do something simple, such as stop and notice an instance of natural beauty, e.g., a sunrise, a flower, a bird singing, a couple gazing at each other,” he suggested. “Or start keeping a journal of beautiful moments in which you write down each day the most beautiful things you saw and then return to it before you go to sleep.”
Not wanting to start another journal, I instead tried to take more time to appreciate my surroundings. On an 8-mile run on a fire trail, I stopped at a bench on top of a steep hill to give myself a chance to “savor.” I felt a bit like I was cheating—after all, the real reason I’d stopped was that if I hadn’t, I’d have thrown up—but as my heart rate slowed, I allowed myself to appreciate what was around me: the view of San Francisco, the warmth of the sun, the cool breeze, and the sounds of the birds. It made me feel nice, and since it didn’t involve jogging, I continued to savor for 20 minutes before forcing myself back on the trail.
Surprisingly, that exercise made me want to try to savor other small things in my day: watching a mechanic on break from work crack open a beautiful ripe pomegranate, noticing rays of light outside my kitchen window—even enjoying the feeling, weird as it might sound, of brushing my own hair. These were all small, private moments, but consciously trying to find things to savor was kind of like looking for manhole covers on the street: once you start paying attention, they’re everywhere.
For my gratitude letter, I decided to write one to my grandmother back in New York for her 84th birthday. It took me three weeks to build up the emotional energy to do it (something about putting all that emotion down on paper made me procrastinate), and, as expected, as soon as I started writing, I began to cry. “I remember you singing me to sleep when I was little,” I wrote. “And helping me with my math homework and quizzing me on spelling while I tried to do handstands in the living room, and picking me up from the school bus, and coming into school for grandparents’ day—I was always so proud to have you there.” I told her how lucky I felt to have her in my life, how much I respected her for having raised my mother on her own, and how much it meant to me that we were so close. By the time I finished writing the letter, I was exhausted—and when I called to read it to her (since she lives across the country, I couldn’t do it in person), we both ended up in tears.
NEGATIVITY BIAS
Halfway through my experiment, I was running into problems. I had been trying to appreciate happy moments in my life, but that didn’t stop me from getting into a verbal fight with a mechanic, who became so angry that he threatened to have me arrested. I had delivered my gratitude letter to my grandmother, which did make us both happy, but also made her think I was writing her eulogy; she told me, pointedly, that she wasn’t planning to die yet. And when I tried to savor a beautiful afternoon by taking a hike along the coast with my boyfriend, we got poison oak.
What’s more, I noticed that when I was particularly stressed or angry or feeling down, I didn’t want to reflect on things I was happy or grateful for. During those moments, thinking about reasons my life was good just made me more anxious.
I decided to call Julie Norem, professor and chair of the psychology department at Wellesley College, for reassurance. She told me my reaction made sense.
“If you’re trying to be grateful all the time but are in a really sucky situation,” she said, “then you set yourself up for feeling like things are even worse than they were before because you didn’t get cured by this gratitude thing that was supposed to make you happy.”
Granted, Norem has her biases. She’s the author of a book called The Positive Power of Negative Thinking and believes that for some people, whom she calls defensive pessimists, trying to be constantly positive and optimistic can lead to more stress. But apparently, I’m biased, too, because as I read through her Web site, I could feel myself identifying with it.
“Defensive pessimists lower their expectations to help prepare themselves for the worst,” says her Web site. “Then they mentally play through all the bad things that can happen. Though it sounds like it might be depressing, defensive pessimism actually helps anxious people focus away from their emotions so they can plan and act effectively.”
Intrigued, I took the quiz on Norem’s Web site titled “Are you a defensive pessimist?” and scored exactly in the middle between optimism and defensive pessimism—which makes sense, given the fact that I do try to be positive about things, but use negativity to cope. It goes along with a saying I learned from my grandmother: “Hope for the best; expect the worst.”