17
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 167–76.
18
Ibid., p. 187.
19
Aksan, Ottoman Wars, pp. 346–52.
20
P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 658–60.
21
A. Seaton, The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle (London, 1977), p. 36.
22
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 361–2, 366.
23
FO 97/404, Ponsonby to Palmerston, 7 July 1834; R. Florescu, The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities 1821–1854 (Monachii, 1962), pp. 135–60.
24
F. Lawson, The Social Origins of the Egyptian Expansionism during the Muhammad Ali Period (New York, 1992), chap. 5; Aksan, Ottoman Wars, pp. 363–7; A. Marmont, The Present State of the Turkish Empire, trans. F. Smith (London, 1839), p. 289.
25
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 468–9.
26
Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina, vol. 1, p. 235.
27
FO 181/114, Palmerston to Ponsonby, 6 Dec. 1833; P. Mosely, Russian Diplomacy and the Opening of the Eastern Question in 1838 and 1839 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934), p. 12; Bailey, British Policy, p. 53.
28
L. Levi, History of British Commerce, 1763–1870 (London, 1870), p. 562; Bailey, British Policy, p. 74; J. Gallagher and R. Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 6/1 (1953); FO 78/240, Ponsonby to Palmerston, 25 Nov. 1834; D. Urquhart, England and Russia (London, 1835), p. 110.
29
B. Kingsley Martin, The Triumph of Lord Palmerston: A Study of Public Opinion in England before the Crimean War (London, 1963), p. 85.
30
J. Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), p. 103.
31
Ibid., pp. 211–12, 220.
32
India, Great Britain, and Russia (London, 1838), pp. 1–2.
33
R. Shukla, Britain, India and the Turkish Empire, 1853–1882 (New Delhi, 1973), p. 27.
34
M. Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (London, 1994), p. 121.
35
J. Pardoe, The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1836, 2 vols. (London, 1854), vol. 1, p. 32.
36
C. White, Three Years in Constantinople; or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844, 3 vols. (London, 1846), p. 363. See also E. Spencer, Travels in Circassia, Krim-Tartary, &c., including a Steam Voyage down the Danube from Vienna to Constantinople, and round the Black Sea in 1836, 2 vols. (London, 1837).
37
Urquhart, England and Russia, p. 86.
38
S. Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, 2 vols. (London, 1888), vol. 2, p. 17.
39
Ibid., p. 104. On Freemasonry in nineteenth-century Turkey, see the many works of Paul Dumont, including ‘La Turquie dans les archives du Grand Orient de France: Les loges maçonniques d’obédience française à Istanbul du milieu du XIXe siècle à la veille de la Première Guerre Mondiale’, in J.-L. Bacqué-Grammont and P. Dumont (eds.), Économie et société dans l’empire ottoman (fin du XVIIIe siècle–début du XXe siècle) (Paris, 1983), pp. 171–202.
40
A. Cunningham, Eastern Questions in the Nineteenth Century: Collected Essays, 2 vols. (London, 1993), vol. 2, pp. 118–19.
41
B. Abu Manneh, ‘The Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript’, in id., Studies on Islam and the Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century (Istanbul, 2001), pp. 83–4, 89.
42
FO 97/413, Stratford to Palmerston, 7 Feb. 1850; Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, vol. 2, p. 215.
CHAPTER 3. THE RUSSIAN MENACE
1
S. Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai I v Londone v 1844 godu’, Istoricheskii vestnik, 23/3 (Feb. 1886), pp. 602–4.
2
E. Stockmar, Denkwürdigkeiten aus den Papieren des Freiherrn Christian Friedrich V. Stockmar (Brunswick, 1872), p. 98; T. Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, 5 vols. (London, 1877), vol. 1, p. 215.
3
G. Bolsover, ‘Nicholas I and the Partition of Turkey’, Slavonic Review, 27 (1948), p. 135.
4
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, pp. 355–8.
5
Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness, vol. 1, p. 224.
6
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, p. 604; Stockmar, Denkwürdigkeiten, p. 98.
7
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, p. 604.
8
The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861, 3 vols. (London, 1907–8), vol. 2, pp. 16–17; Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness, vol. 1, p. 219; Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, p. 609.
9
Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness, vol. 1, p. 223; Stockmar, Denkwürdigkeiten , pp. 397, 400.
10
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, p. 615; Stockmar, Denkwürdigkeiten, p. 399.
11
Ibid., pp. 396–9.
12
H. Ragsdale, ‘Russian Projects of Conquest in the Eighteenth Century’, in id. (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 75–7; O. Subtelnyi, ‘Peter I’s Testament: A Reassessment’, Slavic Review, 33 (1974), pp. 663–78.
13
Ragsdale, ‘Russian Projects’, pp. 79–80.
14
Ibid., p. 81.
15
J. Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), pp. 39, 43.
16
R. Wilson, A Sketch of the Military and Political Power of Russia in the Year 1817 (London, 1817); Gleason, Genesis of Russophobia, p. 56.
17
[Lieut. Col.] Sir George de Lacy Evans, On the Designs of Russia (London, 1828), pp. 191, 199–219.
18
The Portfolio; or a Collection of State Papers, etc. etc., Illustrative of the History of Our Times, 1 (1836), p. 103.
19
Ibid., pp. 187–95. See further, M. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861 (Princeton, 1955), p. 236.
20
Hansard, HC Deb. 23 Feb. 1848, vol. 96, pp. 1132–1242; HC Deb. 1 Mar. 1848, vol. 47, pp. 66–123 (Palmerston quotation at p. 122).
21
The Times, 20 July 1831; Northern Liberator, 3 Oct. 1840.
22
Gleason, Genesis of Russophobia, p. 126.
23
Kukiel, Czartoryski, p. 205.
24
R. McNally, ‘The Origins of Russophobia in France: 1812–1830’, American Slavic and East European Review, 17/2 (Apr. 1958), pp. 179–83.
25
A. Mickiewicz, Livre des pèlerins polonais, traduit du polonais d’A. M. par le Comte C. de Montalembert; suivi d’un hymne à la Pologne par F. de La Menais (Paris, 1833).
26
Cinq millions de Polonais forcés par la czarine Catherine, les czars Paul, Alexandre et récemment Nicolas d’abjurer leur foi religieuse. Eclaircissements sur la question des Grecs-Unis sous le rapport statistique, historique et religieux (Paris and Strasburg, 1845); Journal des débats, 23 Oct. 1842.