27
The Nuns of Minsk: Narrative of Makrena Mieczystawska, Abbess of the Basilian Convent of Minsk; The History of a Seven Years’ Persecution Suffered for the Faith, by Her and Her Nuns (London, 1846), pp. 1–16; Hansard, HL Deb. 9 Mar. 1846, vol. 84, p. 768; M. Cadot, La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, 1839–1856 (Paris, 1967), p. 464.
28
[Count] V. Krasinski, Is the Power of Russia to be Reduced or Increased by the Present War? The Polish Question and Panslavism (London, 1855), p. 4.
29
Marquis de Custine, Russia, 3 vols. (London, 1844), vol. 3, pp. 21, 353; G. Kennan, The Marquis de Custine and His Russia in 1839 (London, 1971).
30
Cadot, La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, p. 471.
31
S. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Serbia, 1837–39 (Paris, 1961).
32
N. Tsimbaev, Slaviano fil’stvo: Iz istorii russkoi obshchestvennopoliticheskoi mysli XIX veka (Moscow, 1986), p. 36.
33
A. Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question: Army, Government and Society, 1815–1833 (Oxford, 2006), pp. 93–7.
34
N. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia 1825–1855 (Berkeley, 1959), p. 152.
35
Ibid., p. 166.
36
P. Mérimée, Correspondence générale, 18 vols. (Paris, 1941–65), vol. 5, p. 420; Cadot, La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, p. 516; L. Namier, 1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals (Oxford, 1946), pp. 40–42.
37
Cadot, La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, p. 468.
38
R. Florescu, The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities 1821–1854 (Monachii, 1962), chaps. 7 and 8.
39
FO 195/321, Colquhoun to Palmerston, 16 Aug. 1848.
40
FO 195/332, Colquhoun to Stratford Canning, 2 July 1849.
41
Florescu, Struggle against Russia, pp. 217–18.
42
D. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1995), pp. 68–71.
CHAPTER 4. THE END OF PEACE IN EUROPE
1
On British naval defence against France, see A. Lambert, The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy, 1853–56 (Manchester, 1990), pp. 25–7.
2
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1855, 16 Apr.
3
Mémoires du duc De Persigny (Paris, 1896), p. 212.
4
A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1955), p. 49.
5
Mémoires du duc De Persigny, p. 225; E. Bapst, Les Origines de la Guerre en Crimée: La France et la Russie de 1848 à 1851 (Paris, 1912), pp. 325–7.
6
FO 78/895, Rose to Malmesbury, 28 Dec. 1852.
7
K. Vitzthum von Eckstadt, St Petersburg and London in the Years 1852–64, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 1, p. 38; D. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1995), pp. 109–10.
8
FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 11 and 22 Jan., 22 Feb. 1853.
9
FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 11 Jan., 21 Feb. 1853; A. Cunningham, Eastern Questions in the Nineteenth Century: Collected Essays, 2 vols. (London, 1993), vol. 2, p. 136.
10
FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 22 Feb. 1853; FO 65/425, Seymour to Clarendon, 29 Mar. 1853.
11
Cunningham, Eastern Questions, vol. 2, pp. 139–40.
12
FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 10 Feb. 1853.
13
RGAVMF, f. 19, op. 7, d. 135, l. 37; FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 7 Jan. 1853; Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 1, pp. 121–4.
14
RGAVMF, f. 19, op. 7, d. 135, l. 43; J. Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War (Durham, NC, 1979), p. 94.
15
FO 65/420, Clarendon to Seymour, 23 Mar., 5 Apr. 1853; Goldfrank, Origins of the Crimean War, pp. 136–8.
16
Mémoires du duc De Persigny, pp. 226–31; Bapst, Origines de la Guerre en Crimée, p. 354.
17
Mémoires du comte Horace de Viel-Castel sur le règne de Napoléon III, 1851–1864, 2 vols. (Paris, 1979), vol. 1, p. 180; J. Ridley, Napoleon III and Eugenie (London, 1979), p. 365; S. Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, 2 vols. (London, 1888), vol. 2, p. 237.
18
Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches, vol. 1, pp. 256–8; Cunningham, Eastern Questions, pp. 159–62; Goldfrank, Origins of the Crimean War, pp. 147–8, 156–7; A. Saab, The Origins of the Crimean Alliance (Charlottesville, Va., 1977), pp. 135–7; Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, vol. 2, p. 248.
19
BOA, AMD, 44/81, Musurus to Reshid Pasha, 13 May 1853; RGAVMF, f. 19, op. 7, d. 135, l. 52; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 74–6.
20
A. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 2002), vol. 1, pp. 739–40.
21
Russkii arkhiv, 1891, no. 8, p. 169; ‘Voina s Turtsiei 1828–1829 i 1853–1854’, Russkaia starina, 16 (1876), pp. 681–7; P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972), p. 76.
22
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5407, ll. 7–11; d. 5451, ll. 13–14; Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina, vol. 1, p. 74.
23
Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg. (St Petersburg, 1897), p. 74; RGB OR, f. 743, T. Klemm, ‘Vospominaniia starogo-soldata, rasskazannye synu, kadetu VII klacca Pskovskogo kadetskogo korpusa’, l. 6.
24
F. Kagan, The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army (London, 1999), p. 221; E. Brooks, ‘Reform in the Russian Army, 1856–1861’, Slavic Review, 43/1 (Spring 1984), p. 64; E. Wirtschafter, From Serf to Russian Soldier (Princeton, 1990), p. 24.
25
Brooks, ‘Reform’, pp. 70–71; K. Marx, The Eastern Question: A Reprint of Letters Written 1853–1856 Dealing with the Events of the Crimean War (London, 1969), pp. 397–8; J. Curtiss, The Russian Army under Nicholas I, 1825–1855 (Durham, NC, 1965), p. 115; P. Alabin, Chetyre voiny: Pokhodnye zapiski v voinu 1853, 1854, 1855 i 1856 godov, 2 vols. (Viatka, 1861), vol. 1, p. 43.
26
Curtiss, Russian Army, pp. 248–9.
27
Za mnogo let, pp. 34–5, 45–7; RGB OR, f. 743, T. Klemm, ‘Vospominaniia starogo-soldata’, ll. 4, 7–8; Wirtschafter, From Serf to Russian Soldier, p. 87.
28
BOA, I, HR, 328/21222; S. Kiziltoprak, ‘Egyptian Troops in the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, in Vostochnaya (Krymskaya) Voina 1853–1856 godov: Novye materialy i novoe osmyslenie, 2 vols. (Simferopol, 2005), vol. 1, p. 49; Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, vol. 2, p. 296.