The Crimean War

27

Morning Post, 16 Dec. 1853; The Times, 13 and 18 Dec. 1853; Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 17 Dec. 1853; Chronicle, 23 Dec. 1853.

28

The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861, 3 vols. (London, 1907–8), vol. 2, p. 126.

29

RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1853, 13 Nov. and 15 Dec.

30

FO 65/423, Palmerston to Seymour, 27 Dec. 1853; RA VIC/ MAIN/QVJ/1853, 15 Dec.; P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972), p. 122.

31

Ibid., pp. 123–6.

32

A. Saab, The Origins of the Crimean Alliance (Charlottesville, Va., 1977), pp. 126–7; A. Lambert, The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy, 1853–56 (Manchester, 1990), p. 64.

33

Quoted in S. Brady, Masculinity and Male Homosexuality in Britain, 1861–1913 (London, 2005), p. 81; G. Henderson, Crimean War Diplomacy and Other Historical Essays (Glasgow, 1947), p. 136.

34

M. Taylor, The Decline of British Radicalism, 1847–1860 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 230–31; R. Seton Watson, Britain in Europe 1789–1914: A Survey of Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1937), pp. 321–2; RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1853, various entries, Nov. and Dec.

35

RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1853, 8 Dec.; RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1854, 15 Feb.

36

Saab, Origins of the Crimean Alliance, p. 148; id., Reluctant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria, and the Working Classes, 1856–1878 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), p. 31.

37

O. Anderson, ‘The Reactions of Church and Dissent towards the Crimean War’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 16 (1965), pp. 211–12; B. Kingsley Martin, The Triumph of Lord Palmerston: A Study of Public Opinion in England before the Crimean War (London, 1963), pp. 114–15, 164.

38

R. Marlin, L’Opinion franc-comtoise devant la guerre de Crimée, Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, vol. 17 (Paris, 1957), pp. 19–20; Taylor, Decline of British Radicalism, p. 226.

39

Marlin, L’Opinion franc-comtoise, pp. 22–3.

40

L. Case, French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire (Philadelphia, 1954), pp. 16–24.

41

Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 1, pp. 405–28.

42

See e.g. V. Vinogradov, ‘The Personal Responsibility of Emperor Nicholas I for the Coming of the Crimean War: An Episode in the Diplomatic Struggle in the Eastern Question’, in H. Ragsdale (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 159–70.

43

GARF, f. 678, op. 1, d. 451, l. 306.

44

T. Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I, 4 vols. (Berlin, 1904–19), vol. 4, p. 430.

45

E. Boniface, Count de Castellane, Campagnes de Crimée, d’Italie, d’Afrique, de Chine et de Syrie, 1849–1862 (Paris, 1898), pp. 75–6; J. Ridley, Napoleon III and Eugenie (London 1979), p. 365.

46

Lambert, The Crimean War, pp. 64 ff.

47

Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War, p. 150; Lady F. Balfour, The Life of George, Fourth Earl of Aberdeen, 2 vols. (London, 1922), vol. 2, p. 206.

48

RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1854, 6 Mar.; W. Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking (Oxford, 1981), p. 13; Henderson, Crimean War Diplomacy, p. 72; BLO Clarendon Papers, Stratford Canning to Clarendon, 7 Apr. 1854, c. 22; Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, vol. 2, pp. 354–8; PRO 30/22/11, Russell to Clarendon, 26 Mar. 1854.

49

RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1854, 26 Mar.

50

K. Vitzthum von Eckstadt, St Petersburg and London in the Years 1852–64, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 1, pp. 83–4; A. Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 1, pp. 476–7.

51

See R. Ellison, The Victorian Pulpit: Spoken and Written Sermons in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Cranbury, NJ, 1998), pp. 43–9.

52

H. Beamish, War with Russia: God the Arbiter of Battle. A Sermon Preached on Sunday April 2, 1854 (London, 1854), p. 6; T. Harford Battersby, Two First-Day Sermons Preached in the Church of St John, Keswick (London, 1855), p. 5; J. James, The War with Russia Imperative and Righteous: A Sermon Preached in Brunswick Chapel, Leeds, on the Day of National Humiliation (London, 1854), pp. 14–15.

53

G. Croly, England, Turkey, and Russia: A Sermon Preached on the Embarkation of the Guards for the East in the Church of St Stephen, Walbrook, February 26, 1854 (London, 1854), pp. 8, 12–13, 26–7, 30–31. For similar sermons, see H. Bunsen, ‘The War is a Righteous War’: A Sermon Preached in Lilleshall Church on the Day of Humiliation and Prayer (London, 1854); R. Burton, The War of God’s Sending: A Sermon Preached in Willesden Church on the Occasion of the Fast, April 26, 1854 (London, 1854); R. Cadlish, The Sword of the Lord: A Sermon Preached in the Free St George’s Church, Edinburgh on Wednesday, April 26, 1854 (London, 1854); H. Howarth, Will God Be for Us? A Sermon Preached in the Parish Church of St George’s, Hanover Square, on Wednesday, April 26, 1854 (London, 1854); A Sermon Preached by the Rev. H. W. Kemp, Incumbent of St John’s Church, Hull, on Wednesday, April 26th: Being the Day Appointed by Her Gracious Majesty the Queen for the Humiliation of the Nation on the Commencement of the War with Russia (London, 1854); J. Cumming, The War and Its Issues: Two Sermons (London, 1854); J. Hall, War with Russia Both Just and Expedient: A Discourse Delivered in Union Chapel, Brixton Hill, April 26, 1854 (London, 1854); John, Bishop of Lincoln, War: Its Evils and Duties: A Sermon Preached in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln on April 26th, 1854 (London, 1854).

54

FO 195/445, Finn to Clarendon, 28 Apr. 1854; E. Finn (ed.), Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856, 2 vols. (London, 1878), vol. 2, pp. 130–31.

CHAPTER 6. FIRST BLOOD TO THE TURKS

1

Tolstoy’s Letters, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 38.

2

A. Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years (London, 1908), pp. 96–7.

3

‘Voina s Turtsiei 1854 g.’, Russkaia starina, 18 (1877), p. 327.

4

RGADA, f. 1292, op. 1, d. 6, l. 68; E. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 1, p. 273; ‘Vospominaniia kniazia Emiliia Vitgenshteina’, Russkaia starina, 104 (1900), p. 190.

5

A. Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 8 vols. (Moscow, 1900), vol. 8, p. 350.

6

FO 78/1014, Cunningham to Stratford Canning, 4, 20, 23 and 30 Mar. 1854.

7

E. Jouve, Guerre d’Orient: Voyage à la suite des armées alliées en Turquie, en Valachie et en Crimée (Paris, 1855), p. 115; FO 78/1008, Fonblanque to Stratford Canning, 27 Mar. 1854; FO 78/1014, Cunningham to Stratford Canning, 23 Mar. 1854.