20
N. Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma i vospominaniia (Moscow, 1950), pp. 28–37, 66, 147–8, 220–23; Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg. (St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 82–3; Kh. Giubbenet, Ocherk meditsinskoi i gospital’noi chasti russkih voisk v Krymu v 1854–1856 gg. (St Petersburg, 1870), p. 2.
21
N. Berg, Desiat’ dnei v Sevastopole (Moscow, 1855), pp. 17–19; R. Hodasevich, A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopoclass="underline" A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege (London, 1856), p. 129; E. Kovalevskii, Voina s Turtsiei i razryv s zapadnymi derzhavami v 1853–1854 (St Petersburg, 1871), p. 82; Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma, pp. 151–2.
22
Ibid., pp. 155–6, 185.
23
L. Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 44, 47–8.
24
Giubbenet, Ocherk, pp. 5, 7.
25
H. Connor, ‘Use of Chloroform by British Army Surgeons during the Crimean War’, Medical History, 42/2 (1998), pp. 163, 184–8; Shepherd, The Crimean Doctors, vol. 1, pp. 132–3.
26
Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma, p. 27; Istoricheskii obzor deistvii krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny sester’ popecheniia o ranenykh i vol’nykh k voennykh gospitaliakh v Krymu i v Khersonskoi gubernii c 1 dek. 1854 po 1 dek. 1855 (St Petersburg, 1856), pp. 2–4; Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh (St Petersburg, 1855), p. 22.
27
Gosudarstvennoe podvizhnoie opolchenie Vladimirskoi gubernii 1855–56: Po materialam i lichnym vospominaniiam (Vladimir, 1900), p. 82; Rappaport, No Place for Ladies, pp. 115–17.
28
NAM 1951–12–21 (Bellew journal, 23 Jan. 1855); Rappaport, No Place for Ladies, pp. 101, 125.
29
G. St Aubyn, Queen Victoria: A Portrait (London, 1991), p. 295.
30
A. Lambert and S. Badsey (eds.), The War Correspondents: The Crimean War (Strand, 1994), p. 13; S. Markovits, The Crimean War in the British Imagination (Cambridge, 2009), p. 16.
31
E. Gosse, Father and Son (Oxford, 2004), p. 20.
32
M. Lalumia, Realism and Politics in Victorian Art of the Crimean War (Epping, 1984), p. 120.
33
H. Clifford, Letters and Sketches from the Crimea (London, 1956), p. 146.
34
NAM 1968–07–284 (Raglan to Newcastle, 4 Jan. 1855).
35
Gooch, The New Bonapartist Generals, p. 192.
36
L. Case, French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire (Philadelphia, 1954), pp. 2–6, 32; H. Loizillon, La Campagne de Crimée: Lettres écrites de Crimée par le capitaine d’état-major Henri Loizillon à sa famille (Paris, 1895), p. 82; RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 19 Apr.
37
Za mnogo let, pp. 75–8.
38
The Englishwoman in Russia: Impressions of the Society and Manners of the Russians at Home (London, 1855), pp. 292–3, 296–8.
39
Ibid., pp. 294–5; Za mnogo let, p. 73.
40
E. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 1, pp. 454–9; The Englishwoman in Russia, p. 305.
41
A. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 2002), vol. 2, p. 76; GARF, f. 109, op. 1, d. 353 (chast’ 2), 1. 7.
42
I. Ignatovich, Pomeshchichie krest’iane nakanune osvobozhdeniia (Leningrad, 1925), pp. 331–7; The Englishwoman in Russia, pp. 302–3, 313.
43
J. Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War (Durham, NC, 1979), pp. 532–46; D. Moon, ‘Russian Peasant Volunteers at the Beginning of the Crimean War’, Slavic Review, 51/4 (Winter 1992), pp. 691–704. On a similar phenomenon in the Kiev, Podol’e and Volhynia regions in the early months of 1855, see RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5496, 11. 18–52.
44
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, 1. 166; Rebrov, Pis’ma sevastopol’tsa, p. 3.
45
Pirogov, Sevastopol’skie pis’ma, p. 148; A. Markevich, Tavricheskaia guberniia vo vremia krymskoi voiny: Po arkhivnym materialam (Simferopol, 1905), pp. 107–51; A Opul’skii, L. N. Tolstoi v krymu: Literaturno-kraevedcheskii ocherk (Simferopol, 1960), p. 12; Hodasevich, A Voice, pp. 24–5; RGVIA, f. 9198, op. 6/264, sv. 15, d. 2.
46
‘Vostochnaia voina: Pis’ma kn. I. F. Paskevicha k kn. M. D. Gorchakovu’, Russkaia starina, 15 (1876), pp. 668–70; Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 2, pp. 224–8.
47
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, 11. 50–54; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5452, ch. 2, 11. 166, 199–201; ‘Doktor Mandt o poslednikh nedeliiakh imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha (iz neizdannykh zapisok odnogo priblizhennogo k imperatoru litsa)’, Russkii arkhiv, 2 (1905), p. 480.
48
Poslednie minuty i konchina v bozhe pochivshego imperatora, nezabvennogo i vechnoi slavy dostoinogo Nikolaia I (Moscow, 1855), pp. 5–6; ‘Noch’ c 17-go na 18 fevralia 1855 goda: Rasskaz doktora Mandta’, Russkii arkhiv, 1 (1884), p. 194; ‘Nekotorye podrobnosti o konchine imperatora Nikolaia Pavlovicha’, Russkii arkhiv, 3/9 (1906), pp. 143–5; Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 2, p. 233.
49
See e.g. V. Vinogradov, ‘The Personal Responsibility of Emperor Nicholas I for the Coming of the Crimean War: An Episode in the Diplomatic Struggle in the Eastern Question’, in H. Ragsdale (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), p. 170.
50
A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), p. 178.
51
Ibid., pp. 20–21.
CHAPTER 10. CANNON FODDER
1
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 2 Mar.
2
L. Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie (Paris, 1869), p. 312.
3
F. Charles-Roux, Alexandre II, Gortchakoff et Napoléon III (Paris, 1913), p. 14.
4
The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878, ed. G. Gooch, 2 vols. (London, 1925), vol. 2, pp. 160–61; Lady F. Balfour, The Life of George, Fourth Earl of Aberdeen, 2 vols. (London, 1922), vol. 2, p. 206.
5
H. Verney, Our Quarrel with Russia (London, 1855), pp. 22–4.
6
G. B. Henderson, ‘The Two Interpretations of the Four Points, December 1854’, in id., Crimean War Diplomacy and Other Historical Essays (Glasgow, 1947), pp. 119–22; The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861, 3 vols. (London, 1907–8), vol. 3, pp. 65–6.
7
P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972), pp. 256–77.
8
P. Jaeger, Le mura di Sebastopoli: Gli italiani in Crimea 1855–56 (Milan, 1991), p. 245; C. Thoumas, Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856 (Paris, 1892), p. 191.