The Crimean War

28

RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5758, 11. 58–60; A. Viazmitinov, ‘Sevastopol’ ot 21 marta po 28 avgusta 1855 goda’, Russkaia starina, 34 (1882), pp. 55–6; Ershov, Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia, pp. 277–9.

29

J. Spilsbury, The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War (London, 2005), p. 303.

30

Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, p. 304; C. Campbell, Letters from Camp to His Relatives during the Siege of Sebastopol (London, 1894), pp. 316–17; Clifford, Letters and Sketches, pp. 257–8.

31

RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5758, 1. 65.

32

M. Bogdanovich, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856, 4 vols. (St Petersburg, 1876), vol. 4, p. 127.

33

RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5758, 1. 68; T. Tolycheva, Rasskazy starushki ob osade Sevastopolia (Moscow, 1881), pp. 87–90.

34

Tolstoy’s Letters, vol. 1, p. 52.

35

Sobranie pisem sester Krestovozdvizhenskoi obshchiny popecheniia o ranenykh (St Petersburg, 1855), pp. 74, 81–2.

36

Giubbenet, Ocherk, pp. 19, 152–3; The Times, 27 Sept. 1855.

37

Boniface, Campagnes de Crimée, pp. 295–6; Buzzard, With the Turkish Army, p. 193.

38

E. Vanson, Crimée, Italie, Mexique: Lettres de campagnes 1854–1867 (Paris, 1905), pp. 154, 161; NAM 2005–07–719 (Golaphy letter, 22 Sept. 1855).

39

WO 28/126; NAM 6807–379/4 (Panmure to Codrington, 9 Nov. 1855).

40

S. Tatishchev, Imperator Aleksandr II: Ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie, 2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1903), vol. 1, pp. 161–3.

41

RGVIA, f. 481, op. 1, d. 36, ll. 1–27; A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), p. 65; W. Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace September 1855 to April 1856’, Cambridge Historical Journal, 11/3 (1955), p. 301; W. Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking (Oxford, 1981), p. 7.

42

Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 2, pp. 520–24; H. Sandwith, A Narrative of the Siege of Kars (London, 1856), pp. 104 ff.; Papers Relative to Military Affairs in Asiatic Turkey and the Defence and Capitulation of Kars: Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty (London, 1856), p. 251; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 197–223.

43

Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace’, pp. 302–3.

44

Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856, pp. 5–7.

45

BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 25 Sept. 1855.

46

Argyll, Duke of, Autobiography and Memoirs, 2 vols. (London, 1906), vol. 1, p. 492; The Greville Memoirs 1814–1860, ed. L. Strachey and R. Fulford, 8 vols. (London, 1938), vol. 7, p. 173.

47

BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 9 Oct. 1855.

48

C. Thoumas, Mes souvenirs de Crimée 1854–1856 (Paris, 1892), pp. 256–60; Lettres d’un soldat à sa mère de 1849 à 1870: Afrique, Crimée, Italie, Mexique (Montbéliard, 1910), pp. 106–8; Loizillon, La Campagne de Crimée, pp. xvii–xviii.

49

A. Gouttman, La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856 (Paris, 1995), p. 460; L. Case, French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire (Philadelphia, 1954), pp. 39–40; R. Marlin, L’Opinion franc-comtoise devant la guerre de Crimée, Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, vol. 17 (Paris, 1957), p. 48.

50

W. Echard, Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe (Baton Range, La., 1983), pp. 50–51.

51

Gouttman, La Guerre de Crimée, p. 451; A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1955), p. 78.

52

Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace’, p. 303.

53

BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 1 Dec. 1855; Baumgart, The Peace of Paris, p. 33.

54

Mosse, ‘How Russia Made Peace’, p. 304.

55

Ibid., pp. 305–6.

56

Ibid., pp. 306–13.

57

Boniface, Campagnes de Crimée, p. 336.

58

D. Noël, La Vie de bivouac: Lettres intimes (Paris, 1860), p. 254.

59

Liaskoronskii, Vospominaniia, pp. 23–4.

CHAPTER 12. PARIS AND THE NEW ORDER

1

E. Gourdon, Histoire du Congrès de Paris (Paris, 1857), pp. 479–82.

2

W. Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking (Oxford, 1981), p. 104.

3

P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972), p. 347; BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 25 Feb. 1856.

4

Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War, p. 348; W. Echard, Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe (Baton Rouge, La., 1983), p. 59.

5

FO 78/1170, Stratford Canning to Clarendon, 9 Jan. 1856; Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856, pp. 128–30.

6

Ibid., pp. 140–41; BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 4 Mar. 1856; M. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861 (Princeton, 1955), p. 302.

7

Gourdon, Histoire, pp. 523–5.

8

RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5917, 11. 1–2; J. Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 402; BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.

9

NAM 1968–07–380–65 (Codrington letter, 15 July 1856).

10

The Times, 26 July 1856.

11

RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5838, 11. 10–12; NAM 6807–375–16 (Vote of thanks to Codrington, undated).

12

M. Kozelsky, ‘Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War’, Slavic Review, 67/4 (2008), pp. 866–91.

13

M. Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (De Kalb, Ill., 2010), p. 153. For more on the statistics of the emigration, see A. Fisher, ‘Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years after the Crimean War’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 35/3 (1987), pp. 356–71. The highest recent estimate is ‘at least 300,000’, in J. McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton, 1995), p. 17.

14

Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea, p. 151.

15

Ibid., p. 155; A. Fisher, Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars (Istanbul, 1998), p. 127.

16

BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.

17

FO 195/562, ‘Report on the Political and Military State of the Turkish Frontier in Asia’, 16 Nov. 1857; FO 97/424, Dickson to Russell, 17 Mar. 1864; Papers Respecting Settlement of Circassian Emigrants in Turkey, 1863–64 (London, 1864).

18

McCarthy, Death and Exile, pp. 35–6.

19

FO 78/1172, Stratford to Clarendon, 31 Jan. 1856; Journal de Constantinople, 4 Feb. 1856; Lady E. Hornby, Constantinople during the Crimean War (London, 1863), pp. 205–8; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), p. 290; D. Blaisdell, European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire (New York, 1929), p. 74.