20
Badem, ‘The Ottomans’, pp. 291–2.
21
Ibid., pp. 281–3; R. Davison, ‘Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian–Muslim Equality in the 19th Century’, American Historical Review, 59 (1953–4), pp. 862–3.
22
Ibid., p. 861.
23
FO 195/524, Finn to Clarendon, 10, 11, 14 and 29 Apr., 2 May, 6 June 1856; 13 Feb. 1857; E. Finn (ed.), Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856, 2 vols. (London 1878), vol. 2, pp. 424–40.
24
Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 2, p. 119; FO 78/1171, Stratford to Porte, 23 Dec. 1856.
25
FO 195/524, Finn to Stratford, 22 July 1857; Finn, Stirring Times, vol. 2, pp. 448–9.
26
See H. Wood, ‘The Treaty of Paris and Turkey’s Status in International Law’, American Journal of International Law, 37/2 (Apr. 1943), pp. 262–74.
27
W. Mosse, The Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, 1855–1871: The Story of the Peace Settlement (London, 1963), p. 40.
28
BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 7 Aug. 1856; Mosse, The Rise and Fall, pp. 55 ff.
29
Ibid., p. 93.
30
G. Thurston, ‘The Italian War of 1859 and the Reorientation of Russian Foreign Policy’, Historical Journal, 20/1 (Mar. 1977), pp. 125–6.
31
C. Cavour, Il carteggio Cavour-Nigra dal 1858 al 1861: A cura della R. Commissione Editrice, 4 vols. (Bologna, 1926), vol. 1, p. 116.
32
Mosse, The Rise and Fall, p. 121.
33
K. Cook, ‘Russia, Austria and the Question of Italy, 1859–1862’, International History Review, 2/4 (Oct. 1980), pp. 542–65; FO 65/574, Napier to Russell, 13 Mar. 1861.
34
A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1955), p. 85.
35
A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), p. 67; A. Kelly, Toward Another Shore: Russian Thinkers between Necessity and Chance (New Haven, 1998), p. 41.
36
Tolstoy’s Diaries, vol. 1: 1847–1894, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), pp. 96–7.
37
M. Vygon, Krymskie stranitsy zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo (Simferopol, 1978), pp. 29–30, 45–6; H. Troyat, Tolstoy (London, 1970), p. 168.
38
Kelly, Toward Another Shore, p. 41; Vygon, Krymskie stranitsy, p. 37.
39
IRL, f. 57, op. 1, n. 7, 1. 16; RGIA, f. 914, op. 1, d. 68, 11. 1–2.
40
F. Dostoevskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 30 vols. (Leningrad, 1972–88), vol. 18, p. 57.
41
N. Danilov, Istoricheskii ocherk razvitiia voennogo upravleniia v Rossii (St Petersburg, 1902), prilozhenie 5; Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg. (St Petersburg, 1897), pp. 136–7.
42
E. Brooks, ‘Reform in the Russian Army, 1856–1861’, Slavic Review, 43/1 (Spring 1984), pp. 66–78.
43
Quoted in J. Frank, Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859 (London, 1983), p. 182.
44
E. Steinberg, ‘Angliiskaia versiia o “russkoi ugroze” v XIX–XX vv’, in Problemy metodologii i istochnikovedeniia istorii vneshnei politiki Rossii, sbornik statei (Moscow, 1986), pp. 67–9; R. Shukla, Britain, India and the Turkish Empire, 1853–1882 (New Delhi, 1973), pp. 19–20; The Politics of Autocracy: Letters of Alexander II to Prince A. I. Bariatinskii, ed. A. Rieber (The Hague, 1966), pp. 74–81.
45
M. Petrovich, The Emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856–1870 (New York, 1956), pp. 117–18.
46
D. MacKenzie, ‘Russia’s Balkan Policies under Alexander II, 1855–1881’, in H. Ragsdale (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 223–6.
47
Ibid., pp. 227–8.
48
Lord P. Kinross, Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (London, 1977), p. 509.
49
A. Saab, Reluctant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria, and the Working Classes, 1856–1878 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), pp. 65–7.
50
Ibid., p. 231.
51
F. Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary, trans. K. Lantz, 2 vols. (London, 1995), vol. 2, pp. 899–900.
52
Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, p. 253; The Times, 17 July 1878.
53
Finn, Stirring Times, vol. 2, p. 452.
54
FO 195/524, Finn to Canning, 29 Apr. 1856.
EPILOGUE
1
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1856, 11 and 13 Mar.
2
T. Margrave, ‘Numbers & Losses in the Crimea: An Introduction. Part Three: Other Nations’, War Correspondent, 21/3 (2003), pp. 18–22.
3
R. Burns, John Belclass="underline" The Sculptor’s Life and Works (Kirstead, 1999), pp. 54–5.
4
T. Pakenham, The Boer War (London, 1979), p. 201.
5
N. Hawthorne, The English Notebooks, 1853–1856 (Columbus, Oh., 1997), p. 149.
6
‘Florence Nightingale’, Punch, 29 (1855), p. 225.
7
S. Markovits, The Crimean War in the British Imagination (Cambridge, 2009), p. 68; J. Bratton, ‘Theatre of War: The Crimea on the London Stage 1854–55’, in D. Brady, L. James and B. Sharatt (eds.), Performance and Politics in Popular Drama: Aspects of Popular Entertainment in Theatre, Film and Television 1800–1976 (Cambridge, 1980), p. 134.
8
M. Bostridge, Florence Nightingale: The Woman and Her Legend (London, 2008), pp. 523–4, 528; M. Poovey, ‘A Housewifely Woman: The Social Construction of Florence Nightingale’, in id., Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Victorian Fiction (London, 1989), pp. 164–98.
9
W. Knollys, The Victoria Cross in the Crimea (London, 1877), p. 3.
10
S. Beeton, Our Soldiers and the Victoria Cross: A General Account of the Regiments and Men of the British Army: And Stories of the Brave Deeds which Won the Prize ‘For Valour’ (London, n.d.), p. vi.
11
Markovits, The Crimean War, p. 70.
12
T. Hughes, Tom Brown’s Schooldays (London, n.d.), pp. 278–80.
13
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford (London, 1868), p. 169.
14
O. Anderson, ‘The Growth of Christian Militarism in Mid-Victorian Britain’, English Historical Review, 86/338 (1971), pp. 46–72; K. Hendrickson, Making Saints: Religion and the Public Image of the British Army, 1809–1885 (Cranbury, NJ, 1998), pp. 9–15; M. Snape, The Redcoat and Religion: The Forgotten History of the British Soldier from the Age of Marlborough to the Eve of the First World War (London, 2005), pp. 90–91, 98.