Nolan, Capt Louis (15th Hussars)
Northern Liberator (Chartist newspaper)
Norway, Palmerston’s plans and
Novorossiia (New Russia): new cities Russian military build up Tatars and Count Stroganov
nurses and nursing Alexandra Stakhova sees Sevastopol burning in Britain after Crimea Dasha Sevastopolskaia high-born Russians nuns in French military hospitals at Scutari see also Nightingale, Florence; women
Obrenovi
Obrenovi
Obrenovi
Obrenovi
Ochakov
Odessa
Odessa Bulletin (Russian newspaper), reports of the battle of Alma
Odessa Shipping Company, in Villafranca Bay
Oliphant, Laurence, The Russian Shores of the Black Sea …
Omer Pasha, Ottoman General assessment of military needs in Bucharest (1854) in Bulgaria commencement of hostilities against Russia defence of Serbia (1853) in Evpatoria at Giurgevo pleads for force to relieve Kars supports Circassia campaign
Opium Wars: 1st (1839 – 42) 2nd (1857) see also China
O’Reilly, Lt. RN, view of the Bay of Sinope
Organic Statutes (Règlements organique), Serbia and Romania
Orlov, Count, chief of the Third Section attempt to contain rumours failed mission to Austria Paris Peace Congress (1856)
Orthodox Christianity (Eastern): Bessarabia ceremony of Holy Fire (Jerusalem) Christians settled in conquered territories Church of the Nativity Grotto in fear of Tatar bands Greek clergy wary of Russian religious ambitions Greek patriarch in Jerusalem opposition to Tanzimat reforms persecution of Catholics rivalry with Catholics in the Holy Land and Russian national identity
Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople
Osten-Sacken, General Dmitri: counsels against further offensives (August 1855) governor of Odessa in Sevastopol Tolstoy’s Plan for the Reform of the Army
Otto, prince of Bavaria and King of Greece
Ottoman army: make up of atrocities alleged in Kerch drinking European officers ill-treatment by British language a major problem pursuit of retreating Russians religious nature of reprisals Silistria and Danubian front terror tactics at Varna at Alma at Balaklava in Kars
Ottoman Empire: border line with Orthodox Russia British commercial interests (1830s) British foreign policy and Congress of Berlin resolutions corrupt bureaucracy Crimea obliterated from national memory Crimean War casualties cultural and religious make up customs and permissions in the Holy Land declaration of war on Russia (1853) declares jihad after Navarino effect on of Crimean War exposure to Western culture foreign capital investment France and fudges issue of Holy Sepulchre roof repairs Grand Council agrees to accept Vienna peace terms (1853) Grand Council refuses Menshikov’s demands and Greek independence Hatt-i Hümayun decree Holy Land religious rights and hostility to interference from Britain lack of communications infrastructure liberal political reform in loss of the Crimea military backwardness Muslim institutions a brake on progress organizes support in Britain (1853) Orthodox subjects Palmerston’s plans Paris Peace Congress (1856) parliament established (1876) peace negotiations (1853) plan to meet further incursions by Russia planned to be a vassal state at point of collapse (1829) political asylum offered to Hungarian Poles reaction to Greek uprising in Moldavia and Wallachia resentment against Christians response to Tsar Alexander I’s ultimatum Romanian revolution 1848 and Russia invades and takes Kars Russian annexation of Crimea recognized (1792) Russian plans to partition San Stefano Treaty secular Ottomanism seeks help from Britain and France against Russians the ‘sick man of Europe’ signs Act of Balta Liman (1849) Slav subjects and Tsar Nicholas Tanzimat reforms see Tanzimat reforms; treatment/ persecution of Christians unaffected by Sinope war with Russia (1787 – 92; 1806 – 12; 1828 – 29) war with Russia (1853 – 6) war with Russia (1877 – 8) war with Serbia (1876) weakness of Westernizing liberal reforms see also Eastern Question; millet system; Ottoman army; Ottoman navy
Ottoman navy, at Sinope (1853)
Oudinot, General Charles Nicolas
pacifists, vilified by Russophobes
paintings, Crimean War subjects
Palestine, riots and attacks on Christians
Palgrave, William Gifford (British consul in Abkhazia)
Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Aberdeen’s foreign policies and aggressive campaign wanted anti-Russian league of states becomes Prime Minister (1855) belligerent reactions to Russian occupations Bessarabia/Moldavia border dispute council of war with allied leaders (1855) defends failure to support Poles the Four Points and and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum hated in Russia and much of Europe influence of Czartoryski keeps France on track for war Napoleon III and no action to support Hungarians plan for dismemberment of Russian Empire populist foreign policy the Press and punitive conditions at the Paris Peace Congress (1856) recruits mercenaries rejects French plan for Poland rejects peace initiatives returns to Cabinet (1853) sends Fleet to Besika Bay and Dardanelles Serpent Island incident (1856) Triple Alliance and Urquhart and Vienna Conference (1855) and ‘war of nationalities’ warns Serbs against supporting Russia
pan-Slavism Alexander II and and the Balkans Congress of Berlin (1878) and Grand Duke Constantine and Kiev Committee Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee ruin of Russia St Petersburg Committee support for the war Tsar Nicholas and Tsar Nicholas legitimist policies attacked see also Slavs
Panmure, Fox Maule-Ramsay, Lord Panmure (Secretary of State for War): allows new assault on the Redan council of war with allied leaders (1855) field campaign memorandum rejected by Raglan intermediary for Raglan with the French Victoria Cross investiture warns Codrington of effects of drinking in the soldiery
Pardoe, Julia, The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks (1836)
Paris, Henry (‘Anglicus’)
Paris: Exposition Universelle (1855) new buildings and tarmacadamed streets official peace declaration (1856)
Paris Peace Congress (1856)
Paris Treaty (1857)
Parma, monarch restored
Parus (pan-Slav journal)
Paskevich, General Ivan Bulgarian strategy retires hurt sceptical of Tsar’s strategy advice sought after Inkerman warns of Austrian threat
Paul I, Tsar
Pavlov, Lt-Gen P. Ya. (11th Division), at Inkerman
Paxton, Joseph, huts for soldiers
peace initiatives: opportunity rejected by France and Britain (1854) Vienna Note (1853)
Peel, Sir Robert (1788 – 1850)
Peel, Sir Robert (1822 – 95), Times Crimean Fund … patron
Peelites, British peace party
Pélissier, General Aimable (French commander-in-chief) commits to combined attack on Mamelon and Quarry Pits first Malakhov assault and second Malakhov assault and
Pénaud, Admiral, Baltic campaign (1855)