75. Valentin Zorin, “Moscow Viewpoint,” December 27, 1981, published as “Zorin Commentary,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-30-DEC-81, December 30, 1981, F3–5.
76. Moscow TASS, “Imperialist Interference Rebuffed,” December 29, 1981, published as “Zolnierz Wolnosci on Reagan Address,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-30-DEC-81, December 30, 1981, F2–3.
77. Ibid.
78. Interview with Barbara Dudek, conducted by Margie Dudek, November 2004.
79. Interview with Jan Pompowski, October 31, 2005, translated by Tomasz Pompowski.
80. Interview with Radek Sikorski, March 3, 2003.
81. Dispatch by special correspondent “UL,” “Impudent Ultimatum,” Rude Pravo, December 28, 1981, 7, published as “Events in Knurow Described,” in FBIS, FBIS-EE-31-DEC81, December 31, 1981, D6.
82. Reagan, “Address to the Nation About Christmas and the Situation in Poland,” December 23, 1981.
83. Reagan, An American Life, 304.
84. I believe that the letter was a combination of two drafts, one drafted by Richard Pipes (which formed the opening paragraphs) and one drafted by the State Department. See Pipes, Vixi, 172–73.
85. December 23, 1981 letter from Ronald Reagan to Leonid Brezhnev, ES, NSC, HSF: Records, USSR: GSB (8190210), Box 38, RRL. Document was declassified on October 22, 1999.
86. December 23, 1981 letter, 1.
87. December 23, 1981 letter, 2.
88. December 23, 1981 letter, 2–3.
89. December 23, 1981 letter, 3.
90. Quite the contrary, the founder of the Soviet state had different means for marking the Christmas holiday. On December 25, 1919, Bolshevik godfather Vladimir Lenin had ordered: “To put up with ‘Nikola’ [the religious holiday commemorating the relics of St. Nikolai] would be stupid—the entire Cheka must be on the alert to see to it that those who do not show up for work because of ‘Nikola’ are shot.” Cited by Alexander N. Yakovlev, A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002), 157.
91. Reagan, An American Life, 304.
92. Ibid., 305.
93. The internal response is located at the Reagan Library in ES, NSC, HSF: Records, 93. The internal response is located at the Reagan Library in ES, NSC, HSF: Records, 8190212. See Reagan, An American Life, 305.
94. Ibid., 305.
95. Reagan, “Statement on U.S. Measures Taken Against the Soviet Union Concerning its Involvement in Poland,” December 29, 1981.
96. These are the words of reporter Aleksandr Mozgovoy in Sovetskaya Rossiya, quoted by TASS, January 12, 1982, published as “U.S. Slander,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-12-JAN-82, January 12, 1982, F5. Throughout subsequent years, TASS itself would dub the Reagan administration’s efforts in Poland a “subversive policy.” Among others, see Aleksandr Bovin, “A Face Not a Policy,” Izvestia, January 10, 1982, 5, published as “Bovin on U.S. Poland Policy,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-10-JAN-82, January 10, 1982, F5; and TASS statement from January 23, 1984, published as “Polish Press on Reagan ‘Softening’ Sanctions” in FBISFBIS JAN-84, January 23, 1984, F7.
For Communist bloc sources on Reagan exploiting martial law as a “pretext” to undermine Communism, see Sofia BTA, by BTA observer Krasimir Drumev, “Illusory and Dangerous Course,” December 30, 1981, published as “Reagan’s Course: ‘Illusory and Dangerous,’” in FBIS, FBIS-EE-31-DEC-81, December 30, 1981, C1; Prague Domestic Service, commentary by Editor Antonin Kostka, December 30, 1981, published as “U.S. Anti-Soviet Sanctions Further Denounced,” in FBIS, FBIS-EE-31-DEC-81, December 30, 1981, D1; Prague Domestic Service, commentary by Correspondent Michal Stasz, December 30, 1981, published as “Only America Will Suffer,” in FBIS, FBIS-EE-31-DEC-81, December 30, 1981, D2–3; Bratislava Pravda in Slovak, by Milan Rusko, “American Hegemonism, Reagan Version,” December 28, 1981, published as “Reagan Message Criticized,” in FBIS, FBIS-EE-31-DEC-81, December 31, 1981, D3; Moscow TASS statement, December 30, 1981, published as “Reagan’s ‘Discriminatory Measures’ Condemned,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-30-DEC-81, December 30, 1981, F2; and Zdenek Porybny, “Pressure Will Not Succeed,” Rude Pravo, December 27, 1981, 7, published as “U.S. Declares Economic War on Poland,” in FBIS, FBIS-EE-31-DEC81, December 31, 1981, D5.
97. Statement by TASS, January 7, 1982 (0921 GMT), published as “U.S. ‘Interference’ in Poland Criticized,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-7-JAN-82, January 7, 1982, F8–9.
98. Moscow Domestic Television Service, “Studio 9,” January 30, 1982, published as “‘Studio 9:’ Reagan, Roosevelt Compared,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-1-FEB-82, February 1, 1982, CC4.
99. Reagan, “Statement on U.S. Measures Taken Against the Soviet Union Concerning its Involvement in Poland,” December 29, 1981.
100. Reagan, “Excerpt From an Exchange With Reporters on the Situation in Poland,” December 29, 1981.
101. Barrett, Gambling With History, 298.
102. According to Richard Pipes, at a conference years later, Jaruzelski revealed that these and subsequent sanctions had cost Poland $12 billion, which was an enormous sum to a country of that size. Pipes, Vixi, 173.
103. The December 31, 1981 telegram is now filed in the Reagan Library in Folder 22, Box 2, PHF: Presidential Records.
104. See: Memorandum of Conversation, “Meeting with President Mitterand of France,” October 27, 1982, prepared by Ambassador Evan Galbraith, declassified July 26, 2000, on file at the Reagan Library.
105. Schweizer, Victory, 29, 31.
106. Bernstein and Politi, His Holiness, 262.
107. Moscow TASS statement, December 30, 1981, published as “Reagan’s ‘Discriminatory Measures’ Condemned,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-30-DEC-81, December 30, 1981, F1–2.
108. Ibid.
109. This Genscher statement was quoted in the Bulgarian press. Sofia BTA, by BTA observer Krasimir Drumev, “Illusory and Dangerous Course,” December 30, 1981, published as “Reagan’s Course: ‘Illusory and Dangerous,’” in FBIS, FBIS-EE-31-DEC-81, December 30, 1981, C2.
110. Zdenek Porybny, “Pressure Will Not Succeed,” Rude Pravo, December 27, 1981, 7, published as “U.S. Declares Economic War on Poland,” in FBIS, FBIS-EE-31-DEC-81, December 31, 1981, D5.
111. Article by Aleksey Petrov, “Dullness and Not Adamance,” Pravda, January 11, 1982, circulated by Warsaw PAP, January 12, 1982, published as “U.S. Desire for Socialist ‘Split’ Scored,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-13-JAN-82, January 13, 1982, G14.
112. Kornilov statement circulated by TASS, May 11, 1982, published as “Reagan Fabrications on Soviet-Polish Ties,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-12-MAY-82, May 12, 1982, A1.
113. For these reasons, said Rostowski, writing in caps for emphasis, the Reagan administration was imposing sanctions: “THESE ARE PROBABLY THE ACTUAL SOURCES AND CAUSES OF THE ECONOMIC RESTRICTIONS AGAINST POLAND AND THE ENTIRE POLISH NATION. THEY ARE ALSO THE CAUSES OF ALL THOSE POLITICALLY IRRESPONSIBLE AND NERVOUS DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE U.S. ADMINISTRATION TO EXPAND ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SANCTIONS ON THE SOVIET UNION.” Rostowski said that the U.S. goal was to weaken the economic and political links between Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Adam Rostowski, “The Camouflaged U.S. Political Plans,” Zolnierz Wolnosci, January 9–10, 1982, published as “U.S. Designs, Intentions,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-13-JAN-82, January 13, 1982, G16–17.
6. Of these two Clark memos to Reagan, one is dated January 11, 1982 and the other is not dated. It is unquestionably a February 1982 document, probably February 23. The documents are located at the Reagan Library, ES, NSC, HSF: Records, Vatican: Pope John Paul II, RRL, Box 41, Folders 8107378-820051 and 8200555-8204184. The two documents were declassified on July 18, 2000.
7. February 1982 letter from Ronald Reagan to Pope John Paul II. The exact date was not featured on the draft on file. The date was probably February 23. Document is located at Reagan Library, ES, NSC, HSF: Records, Vatican: Pope John Paul II, RRL, Box 41, Folder 8200555-8204184. Document was declassified on July 18, 2000.