13. Reagan, An American Life, 558.
14. Ibid., 316.
15. Reagan, “Interview in New York City With Members of the Editorial Board of the New York Post,” March 23, 1982.
16. Quoted by Schweizer, Victory, xiv.
17. Pipes, Vixi, 179–80.
18. Reagan, An American Life, 320.
19. Jim Hoagland, “France Refuses to Wage Economic War on Soviets,” Washington Post, June 15, 1982, A1.
20. Reagan stood and left the room, as expressions of momentary pleasure quickly transformed into looks of horror. “They were crestfallen,” Roger Robinson remembers. “Those were [Reagan’s] last words at the meeting. And I will never forget them.” Interviews with Roger Robinson, June 6 and 8, 2005.
21. “A. A. Gromyko’s Press Conference in New York,” TASS, printed in both Pravda and Izvestia, June 22, 1982, 5 and 4, respectively. Published as “Gromyko: US Is ‘Blowing Up Bridges,” in The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 34, no. 25 (1982): 6.
22. “Lies as Policy, or the Policy of Lies,” Za Rubezhom, August 5, 1982, 5, published as “U.S. Resorts to Foreign ‘Policy of Lies,’” in FBIS, FBIS-13-AUG-82, August 13, 1982, A1–2. The author of this article was listed only as “D. K.”
23. The editorial continued: “As yet it is hard to say whether or not such a solution will be found. One thing is clear: The present American leadership is refusing to abandon the shameful role of destroyer of everything positive accumulated over the preceding period in relations between states with different social systems.” Editorial, “Normal International Contact Versus Adventurism of ‘Sanctions,’” Za Rubezhom, September 9, 1982, 1, published as “Za Rubezhom Scores Reagan Policy on Pipeline,” in FBIS, FBIS-15-SEP-82, September 15, 1982, CC1–2.
24. Reagan, “The President’s News Conference,” June 30, 1982.
25. Reagan, “Interview With Julius Hunter of KMOX-TV,” St. Louis, Missouri, July 22, 1982.
26. The Soviets were “very hard pressed economically,” he said openly on October 18, 1982. The pipeline’s construction would help bail them out. Reagan, “Remarks and a Questionand-Answer Session via Satellite to Republican Campaign Events,” October 18, 1982. 27. Reagan, “Remarks at an Illinois Republican Party Rally,” Peoria, Illinois, October 20, 1982.
28. Reagan said this at the June 18, 1982 meeting. Quoted by Laurence I. Barrett, Gambling with History: Ronald Reagan in the White House (New York: Doubleday, 1983), 300. 29. V. Shmyganovsky, “On the Basis of Mutuality,” Izvestia, October 19, 1983, 2. Reprinted in The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 35, no. 42 (1983): 16.
30. I will be detailing this very candid meeting at length in my upcoming biography of Bill Clark. Also on this, see Barrett, Gambling with History, 299–302.
31. Among others, see Pipes, Vixi, 181, 208; Reed, At the Abyss; and Milt Bearden, The Main Enemy (New York: Random House, 2003).
32. Interview with Bill Clark, February 14, 2005.
33. One can find this exact objection particularly in TASS press releases at the time and in the pages of Pravda and Izvestia.
34. Memorandum of Conversation, “Meeting with President Mitterand of France,” October 27, 1982, prepared by Ambassador Evan Galbraith, declassified July 26, 2000, on file at the Reagan Library.
35. Barrett, Gambling with History, 301.
36. Ibid., 302.
37. Reagan radio address, “East-West Trade Relations and the Soviet Pipeline Sanctions,” November 13, 1982, in Fred L. Israel, ed., Ronald Reagan’s Weekly Radio Addresses, Vol. 1 (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1987), 45.
38. Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound, 524.
39. Weiss, “Duping the Soviets: The Farewell Dossier,” Studies in Intelligence, 125.
40. Reed, At the Abyss, 268–69.
41. See David E. Hoffman, “Reagan Approved Plan to Sabotage Soviets,” Washington Post, February 27, 2004, A1; and Reed, At the Abyss, 266–70.
42. Weiss, “Duping the Soviets: The Farewell Dossier,” Studies in Intelligence, 125.
43. Referring to Reagan’s Captive Nations speech, a July 1982 editorial in Pravda stated, “Without a trace of embarrassment, the speech predicts the impending collapse of this ideology,” referring to Marxism-Leninism. Editorial, “Another Anticommunist Fit,” Pravda, July 22, 1982, 4. Published as “Reagan’s ‘Captive Nations’ Speech Slammed,” in The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 34, no. 29 (1982): 10.
44. Schweizer, Reagan’s War, 184–86.
45. NSDD-41, June 22, 1982. NSDD is on file at the Reagan Library. See Simpson, NSDDs of the Reagan and Bush Administrations, 68–69; and George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (New York: Scribner, 1993), 136.
46. NSDD-48, July 23, 1982. NSDD is on file at the Reagan Library.
47. Simpson, NSDDs of the Reagan and Bush Administrations, 71–72.
48. Interviews with Roger W. Robinson, June 6 and 8, 2005.
49. Ibid.
50. Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound, 523.
51. Interviews with Roger W. Robinson, June 6 and 8, 2005.
52. Bailey, The Strategic Plan That Won the Cold War, 8.
53. Ibid., 5.
54. Reagan, An American Life, 559.
55. NSDD-54, September 2, 1982. NSDD is on file at the Reagan Library.
56. NSDD-54, 2–4.
57. “After Détente, the Goal is to Prevail,” New York Times, September 23, 1982, B16.
58. Ibid.
59. Reagan, An American Life, 559.
60. Bill Clark frequently emphasizes that almost all of the products that came out of his NSC, from drafts of directives to speeches and more, were a “team effort.” He is reluctant to credit single individuals as sole authors, including himself. Various interviews with Bill Clark.
61. Interviews with Roger W. Robinson, June 6 and 8, 2005.
62. Peter Schweizer, Victory, 125–27.
63. Roger Robinson is the source for this item. He says that the group of individuals was roughly a dozen. See Robinson interviewed on the documentary In the Face of Eviclass="underline" Reagan’s War in Word and Deed (American Vantage Films and Capital Films I, LLC, 2005). 64. Ibid. Robinson makes this point. These few individuals are quoted throughout this book, and obviously include the likes of Bill Clark and Bill Casey.
65. The latter was the title used by Christopher Simpson on page 80 of his book on Reagan’s NSDDs.
66. NSDD-66, November 29, 1982, 1. NSDD is on file at the Reagan Library. 67. Ibid., 1–2.
68. “Summary of Conclusions” addendum to NSDD-66, 1. On file at Reagan Library with NSDD-66.
69. NSDD-66, 2.
70. Schweizer, ed., Fall of the Berlin Wall, 34–38.
71. U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, “Quantifications of Western Exports of High-Technology Products to Communist Countries Through 1983,” 1985, 12, 28–29; and “Geheimclub COCOM,” Die Zeit, October 10, 1983, 34. Credit goes to Peter Schweizer for locating these sources.
72. For more, see Schweizer’s various works.
73. Quoted in Don Oberdorfer, The Turn (New York: Poseidon, 1991), 76. 74. NSDD-70, November 30, 1982, 1–4. NSDD is on file at the Reagan Library. GMT on March 17, 1983. Transcripts are published as “‘Economic, Military Blackmail’” and “Directive 75 ‘Subversive’ Anti-Soviet Plan” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-18-MAR-83, March 18, 1983, A8–9.
16. G. Dadyants, “Pipes Threatens History,” Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya, March 26, 1983, 3, published as “New Directive on USSR Trade ‘Threatens History,’” in FBIS, FBISSOV-29-MAR-83, March 29, 1983, A6–7.