For those who can read German, a very thorough account of the relevant sources is given by B. Bohm, Sokrates im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert (Leipzig, Neumunster, 1929).
Mario Montuori's two (overlapping) edited collections of essays are both useful for this period: De Socrate iuste damnato: The Rise of the Socratic Problem in the Eighteenth Century (Amsterdam, J. C. Gieben, 1981; note that the essays in this volume are not translated from their original lan- guages); and The Socratic Problem: The History, the Solutions. From the i8th Century to the Present Time (Amsterdam, J. C. Gieben, 1992). The 1981 volume reproduces the Freret essay discussed in this chapter.
An excellent social history of death in eighteenth-century France is John McManners' Death and the Enlightenment (Oxford, Clarendon, 1981).
Michael Fried's Absorption and Theatricality: Painting and Beholder in the Age of Diderot (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980) is a stimulating introduction both to Diderot and to French painting of this period.
Philippe Aries' major work on death is translated into English by Helen Weaver as The Hour of Our Death (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991).
Voltaire's Treatise on Tolerance is available in English, with introduction and commentary, in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series, edited by Simon Harvey, 2000. The Philosophical Dictionary is available in Penguin Classics, translated by Theodore Besterman, 1984.
The best translation of Rousseau's Emile is by Allan Bloom (New York, Basic Books, 1979).
As far as I know, no complete English translation of Moses Mendelssohn's Phaidon is currently available. Parts of it are included in Moses Mendelssohn: Selections from His Writings, edited and translated by Eva Jospe (New York, Viking, 1975).
7 truth, talk, totalitarianism
A fine overview of much of the material covered in this chapter is Paul Harrison's The Disenchantment of Reason: The Problem of Socrates in Modernity (Albany, NY, State University of New York, 1994). This book discusses Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and also - briefly - Derrida and Foucault. See also Sarah Kofman, Socrates: Fictions of a Philosopher (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press), which also focuses on Hegel, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche.
Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and Benjamin are all readily available in English translation: • G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the History of Philosophy: Greek
Philosophy to Plato, translated by E. S. Haldane (Lincoln and London, Nebraska University Press, 1995).
Soren Kierkegaard, The Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates, translated by Howard V. and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1989).
Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings, edited and translated by Raymond Geuss and Ronald Speirs (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999); The Gay Science, edited by Bernard Williams (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001); Human All Too Human, edited by R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ, translated by R. J. Hollingdale
(1990).
Walter Benjamin, The Origins of German Tragic Drama, translated by John Osborne (London, Verso, 1998). Much has been written about Nietzsche's responses to
Socrates. There is a useful chapter in Nehemas, Art of Living, pp. 128-56. The best single work on the subject is Werner J. Dannhauser's Nietzsche's View of Socrates (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1974).
Derrida's essay 'Plato's Pharmacy' is available in Jacques Derrida, Dissemination, translated, with helpful introduction and notes, by Barbara Johnson (Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1981).
Michel Foucault's Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the College de France, 1981-82 was edited by Frederic Gros and translated into English by Graham Burchell (New York, Picador, 2006).
Foucault's views of Socrates are discussed by Nehemas, Art of Living. Melissa Lane's Plato's Progeny: How Plato and Socrates Still Captivate the Modern Mind (London, Duckworth, 2001) gives an excellent account of responses to Socrates by twentieth-century historians and philosophers.
Modern dramatic representations of Socrates are dis- cussed by R. Todd, 'Socrates Dramatized', Antike und Abendland, 27, 1981, pp. 116-29.
Other books mentioned in this chapter include I. F. Stone, The Trial of Socrates (Boston, Ma, Little, Brown, 1988); Alain de Botton, The Consolations of Philosophy (New York, Vintage International, 2001); Christopher Phillips, Socrates Cafe: AFresh Taste of Philosophy, (New York, Norton, 2002); Mark Forstater, The Living Wisdom of Socrates (Hodder Mobius, 2004); Walter Mosley, Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned (New York, Washington Square Press/Simon and Schuster, 1998); Roger Scruton, Xanthippic Dialogues (St Augustine's Press, South Bend, IN,1998); Thomas Disch, 334: A novel (Vintage 1st edition, 1999; the first section of the book is called 'The Death of Socrates'). Durrenmatt's Death of Socrates is available in English translation in Dimensionz, a journal of contemporary German-language literature, Vol. 3(3), 1996. Another inter- esting recent account of the continuing relevance of Socrates is Jonathan Lear's Therapeutic Action: An earnest plea for irony (New York, Other Press, 2004).
There are several available recordings of Erik Satie's Socrate and John Cage's Cheap Trick. Both pieces are included on a CD from the Wergo music label (1993), performed by Herbert Henck, Hilke Helling and Deborah Richards.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Jacques-Louis David's Death of Socrates (1787). Wolfe Fund, 1931, Catharine Lorillard Wolfe Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo: akg-images/Erich Lessing 13
Xanthippe and her sons leaving Socrates in prison,
by an unknown follower of Caravaggio 64
Bust of Socrates, first century AD copy after Lysippos (fl.370-310 BC) in the Louvre, Paris.
Photo: Eric Gaba 69
Sex scene between Socrates and Alcibiades, illustration from Friedrich Karl Forberg, De Figura Veneris (Manual of Classical Erotology), 1884 85
Socrates and Plato, illustration, thirteenth century, from the Book of Predictions. Ms. Ashmole 304, fol.31
v. © Bodleian Library, Oxford 90
The Death of Cato of Utica, 1797, by Baron Pierre- Narcisse Guerin in the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris. Photo: Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library 123
The Death of Seneca, by Peter Paul Rubens, in the Prado, Madrid. Photo: AISA, Barcelona 133
The Death of Socrates, fifteenth century illustration from St Augustine, City of God, in the Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum, the Hague [10 A 11, fol 362V]. Photo: MMW 153
9. Engraving of Xanthippe pouring the slops over
Socrates' head, by Otto van Veen (1612) 154
The Inspiration of St Matthew, 1602, by Caravaggio. Formerly Berlin, Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (Lost in World War Two). Photo: akg-images 161
Socrates and the Mirror, by Jusepe de Ribera, early 162os, in the Meadows Museum, Dallas 164