The Death of Socrates, 1756, by Benjamin West, in
the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia 171
The Death of Socrates, c.1650, by Charles Alphonse Dufresnoy in the Uffizi, Florence. Photo: AISA, Barcelona 174
The Death of Socrates, mid-18th century, by Frangois Boucher in the Musee de Tesse, Le Mans. Photo:
© RMN - © Droits reserves 175
The Death of Socrates, 1762, by Jacques Saint-Quentin in the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris. Photo: Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art
Library 176
Socrates defending himself before the Judges, 1794, by Antonio Canova in the Gipsoteca Canoviana, Possagno. Photo: Witt Library © Courtauld Institute of Art 193
Hemlock society emblem 213
The Death of Socrates, 1979, semi-abstract by
Jan Cox in the Gallery De Zwarte Panter, Antwerp 217
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to the American Association of Learned Societies, the American Academy in Rome, and the Cambridge Center for Research in the Arts and Social Sciences for helping me complete this project.
My interest in Socrates began at Oxford High School, where I was lucky enough to study Greek with three won- derful teachers: Eda Forbes, Caroline Mayr-Harting and Deborah Bennett.
I would like to thank a number of people who have given help, corrections, suggestions or support of various kinds while I was writing this book. These include Craig Arnold, John Bodel, Christopher Borg, Jenny Davidson, Lowell Edmunds, Joseph Farrell, Carmela Franklin, Sam Hood, James Ker, Robin Kirman, Melissa Lane, Rebecca Lindenberg, Stefannie Markovits, Bridget Murnaghan, David Quint, Ralph Rosen, Marco Roth, Joseph Schwartz, Clara Waissbein, Andrew Wilson, Bee Wilson and Ann Vasaly. The list should be longer; apologies to all those whom I have failed to mention.
I would also like to thank my colleagues and students in the Department of Classical Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, and the audiences at talks I have given on Socrates at Penn, New York University, Princeton University,
Richard Stockton College and the American Academy in Rome.
Particular thanks to Mary Beard, for her patient and inspiring work as editor of the book; to Peter Carson, Penny Daniel and Nicola Taplin at Profile Books; to Cecilia Mackay for her help with the pictures; and to the external readers for Harvard University Press, who have all helped to improve this book.
I am especially grateful to my mother, Katherine Duncan- Jones, who read a rough draft at an early stage and made very helpful comments.
INDEX
A
Addison, Joseph 172 Aeschines 92
Alcibiades 10, 56, 82, 84-8, 92, 97
painting by Regnault 194 alcohol 9-10
Anaxagoras 26, 29, 31, 75 Anderson, Maxwell Barefoot in
Athens 202-3 Andocides 56-7 Antony, Mark 127 Antisthenes 92, 95 Anytus 79-80 Apollodorus 97 Aristippus 76 Aristophanes 78, 81, 91
Clouds 21-7, 34, 44, 72-3, 226 Frogs 81-2 Aristotle 40, 67, 99 Aristoxenus of Tarentum 91-2 asceticism Socrates' 44, 73-5, 92, 96 Xenophon's 96 Asclepius 114, 117, 149 Aspasia 80, 95 Atheism 29, 30-31 Athens
politics 52-60 authority 60-66
B
Bacon, Francis Advancement of
Learning 165 Barnes, Peter The Trial of Socrates 204
Benjamin, Walter The Origins of German Tragic Drama 198-200 Bloch, Enid 15, 225 bloodless crucifixion 11 Bloom, Harold 70 Bodri, William Socrates and the
Enlightenment Path 216-17 Boethius 152-3 Boucher, Frangois sketch of Socrates holding the poison 175 Brecht, Bertolt Socrates wounded 205-6
C
Cage, John Cheap Imitation 215, 236
Calas, Jean 186 Callimachus 124 Canova, Antonio 175, 193,
194
Caravaggio Inspiration of St
Matthew 160-62, 178 Carlyle, Thomas 192
Cato the Censor
view of Socrates 119-20 Cato the Younger
Death 123-4, 125-6, 129-30,
172, 191 Guerin painting 123, 191 Caucig, Franz Death of Socrates 206-7 censorship 29 Chaerophon 81 Challe, Charles Michel-Ange Socrates Condemned by the Athenians to Drink the Hemlock 181
chatter see talkativeness of
Socrates choice 46-51 Christianity 139, 142 death of Jesus 142-8 history in the Roman Empire
149
Justin Martyr 145-6 'Lavater Affair' 189-90 martyrdom 148, 150 Tertullian 146-7 Chrysostom, John 8, 150 Cicero, Marcus Tullius death 126-7 on Socrates 124-6 Condorcet, Marquis 190-91 Conium maculatum (poison
hemlock) 15-16, 225 Constantine
Edict of Milan AD 313 149 cosmology 29
Cox, Jan De Dood van Socrates
216-17 Critias 82-4, 97 crucifixion 11
Cynics 92, 127-8 D
daimonia of Socrates 6, 32-5
Plutarch on 136 Dante Inferno 155 David, Jacques-Louis The Death of Marat 177-8 The Death of Socrates 13, 177, 190, 219-20 de Botton, Alain The
Consolidations of Philosophy 217 death
Cato 123-4, 125-6, 129-30,
172, 191 Cicero 126-7
Jesus' and Socrates' compared 141-69 death sentence 1-2, 4 Decree of Diopeithes 29 della Mirandola, Pico 160 democracy
Athens 52-60, 79, 202-3 Demonax 138-9 Derrida, Jacques 2 Plato's Pharmacy 207-8 The Post Card 89 Diagoras 29 Dickens, Charles David
Copperfield 39-40 Diderot, Denis 173, 179 Encyclopedia 181 on the death of Socrates 180-81 Diogenes Laertius 10, 76, 187 Lives and Opinions of the Famous Philosophers 137-8 Disch, Thomas 220 Dostoevsky, Fyodor Crime and Punishment 48 drinking 9-10
Dufresnoy, Charles Alfonse Mort
de Socrate 173-4, 178 Durrenmatt, Friedrich The Visit 222-3
E
egotism 138-40 eironeia 6, 38-42, 147 Enlightenment Socrates' death viewed during 170-91 Epictetus 128-9 Erasmus 156-60, 162 Godly Feast 158-9 Paracelsus (Exhortation to the Diligent Study of Scripture)
157
The Praise of folly 158 ethics 35-7, 38, 46-51 Hegel's view of 195 Euenus of Paros 43 Euripides 81-2 euthanasia 210-12 executions 11
F
facism 203
Ficino, Marsilio 141-2, 160, 172 Forstater, Mark The Living
Wisdom of Socrates 216 Foucault, Michel 211 freedom of conscience 62 freedom of speech 2, 4 Freret, Nicolas 184-6
on the death of Socrates 186 Freud, Sigmund Moses and Monotheism 210 Totem and Taboo 210
G
Galt, John 170 Gibbon, Edward 149 Gorgias 43, 76
Gross, Ronald Socrates' Way: Seven Keys to Using Your Mind to the Utmost 18-19 Grote, George 200 Grutzke, Johannes 209 Guerin, Pierre-Narcisse Death of Cato of Utica 123, 191 happiness 46-51
H
Hartmann, Jacob Mrs Socrates 207
Hegel, G. W. F. Lectures on the History of
Philosophy 195 on the death of Socrates 195-6,
197
hemlock 8-9, 10-16, 150, 208, 225
Seneca 132-3 Hemlock Society 211-13 Hippias 76
homosexual relationships 86-8 humanist version of Socrates 156-60
Humphry, Derek Jean's Way 212 I
irony in Socrates 6, 38-42, 226
J
Jesus Christ
death compared with Socrates' 141-69 Johnson, Dr Samuel 179
Julian ('the Apostate'), emperor
of Rome 151 Julius Caesar 122, 127 Justin Martyr 145-6
K