95. Kotkin, Uncivil Society, p. xvii.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Sigmund Neumann, Permanent Revolution: Totalitarianism in the Age of International Civil War (New York: Praeger, 1965 [1942]); Franz Neumann, The Democratic and the Authoritarian State: Essays in Political and Legal Theory, edited and with a preface by Herbert Marcuse (London: Free Press, 1957); André Liebich, From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
2. See Eugen Weber, Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century (Malabar, Fl.: Robert E. Krieger, 1982).
3. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1st ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951), pp. 431-32.
4. See Carl Cohen, ed., Communism, Fascism, and Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations (New York: Random House, 1972).
5. See Walter Laqueur, Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations (New York: Scribner's, 1990), p. 135.
6. Zeev Sternhell with Mario Sznajder and Maya Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994); Roger Griffin, ed., International Fascism: Theories, Causes, and the New Consensus (London: Arnold, 1998); Aristotle Kallis, ed., The Fascism Reader (London: Routledge, 2003); Michael Mann, Fascists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Constantin Iordachi, ed., Comparative Fascist Studies (London: Routledge, 2010).
7. Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals, intro. Harvey C. Mansfield (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2001).
8. Milorad M. Drachkovitch, ed., Marxism in the Modern World (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1965), especially the contributions of Raymond Aron, Bertram Wolfe, and Boris Souvarine; Melvin J. Lasky, Utopia and Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Isaac Deutscher, Marxism, Wars and Revolutions: Essays from Four Decades (London: Verso, 1984).
9. Georg Lukács, History and Class Consciousness (London: Merlin Press, 1971); Georg Lukács, A Defense of “History and Class Consciousness”: Tailism and the Dialectic, with a introduction by John Rees and a postface by Slavoj Žižek (London: Verso, 2000).
10. Robert C. Tucker, ed.) The Marx-Engels Reader, 2d ed. (New York and London: W. W. Norton), p. 145.
11. See “Reflections on the Changing Role of the Party in the Totalitarian Polity,” the epilogue to Leonard Shapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2d ed., revised and enlarged (New York: Vintage Books, 1971). It is worth mentioning that Shapiro chose as a motto for his masterpiece Alexis de Tocqueville's words: “He who seeks in liberty anything other than Liberty itself is destined for servitude.”
12. Cohen, ed., Communism, Fascism, and Democracy, p. 317.
13. Benito Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism,” in ibid., pp. 328-39.
14. Robert Gellately, Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007); Alexander N. Yakovlev, A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000); Richard Pipes, Communism: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2003).
15. Tucker, Marx-Engels Reader, p. 84.
16. Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), p. 831.
17. Anne Applebaum, “The Worst of the Madness,” New York Review of Books, October 28, 2010.
18. Robert C. Tucker, “Stalin, Bukharin, and History as Conspiracy,” in The Soviet Political Mind: Stalinism and Post-Stalin Change, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971), pp. 49-86.
19. Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding, 1930-1954, ed. Jerome Kern (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich), pp. 203-5.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
The ABC of Communism (Bukharin and Preobrazhensky)
Academy of Science, Soviet
Ackerman, Bruce
Adorno, Theodore W.
Aganbegyan, Abel
Akhmadulina, Bella
Akhmatova, Anna
Albania: “High Stalinism,”; mass murder; political parties
Aleksandrov, Georgi, History of West European Philosophy
Alexeyeva, Ludmila
Alexopoulos, Golfo
alienation: Communist Party transcending; revisionist concept of
aliens: Communist regimes as victims of. See also ethnocentricity; Jew
Al Qaeda
Althusser, Louis
Amis, Martin
amnesia: about criminality; institutionalized; mismemory; politics of; “voluntary amnesia,” See also falsification; memory
amnesties, de-Stalinization
anomy: Communism and Fascism as reactions to; Communist
antipolitics. See also reinvention of politics
anti-Semitism. See Jew
Antonescu, Ion
Applebaum, Anne
Aragon, Louis
Arbatov, Alexei
Arendt, Hannah; conflict between power and reality; conscience breakdown; Essays on Understanding; “From humanity, through nationality, to barbarity,”; “little varieties of fact,”; Origins of Totalitarianism; replacement of “the suspected offense by the possible crime,”; “superfluous populations,”; terror; “thoughtlessness,”
Aron, Raymond, Démocratie et totalitarisme; Memoirs
Attali, Jacques
Auster, Paul
authoritarianism: bureaucracies; “competitive authoritarianism,”; democratic (liberal) socialism vs.; East and Central Europe; Leninism; Marxist components; Marx's personality; neo-authoritarianism; post-Communism; pre-Leninist; Putinist; radical-authoritarian trends; Russian traditions; salvationist; Stalinist; Western post-Marxism vs., See also totalitarianism
Azerbaijan
Bacilek, Karol
Badiou, Alain
Bahro, Rudolf
Bakunin, Mikhail
Balbo, Italo
Balkans: Stalinist agenda; Western, See also Albania; Croatia; Serbia
Baltic states: Gorbachev and use of force in; impersonal democratic procedures; Nazi and Soviet mass killings; Soviet/Russian occupation. See also Latvia; Lithuania
Banac, Ivo
Bartov, Omer
Băsescu, Traian
Bauman, Zygmunt
Baumler, Alfred
Bayer, Wilhem-Raymund
Belarus: “competitive authoritarianism,”; Holocaust impacts; human rights
Belgrade, April student protests
Beniuc, Mihai
Benjamin, Walter
Berdyaev, Nikolai
Bergelson, David
Berlin, Isaiah
Berlin Wall, fall of
Berman, Jakub
Berman, Paul
Bernstein, Eduard
Bernstein, Leonard
Besançon, Alain
Big Lie: Communist; post-Soviet. See also amnesia; falsification; truth
bin Laden, Osama, Al Qaeda
biological distinctions: Nazi. See also ethnocentricity
The Black Book of Communism