terror: Communist; contemporary; ethnicization of; Nazi; pogroms; Pol Pot regime in Cambodia; Red Terror (1918); Stalinist Great Terror; “states of terror,”. See also camps; dehumanization of the enemy; exterminist policies; genocide; purges
Thälmann, Ernst
“Thaw,”
Thomas à Kempis
Tigrid, Pavel
Tito
Tocqueville, Alexis de
Toránska, Teresa
totalitarianism; detotalitarianization; emotional-intellectual superstructure and institutional ensemble; enigma of; reinvention of politics. See also Communism; Fascism; political monopoly; post-totalitarian system
“touchstone theory,”
Traverso, Enzo
Trotsky, Leon/Trotskyites: and apparatus terror; defeat of “world revolution,”; vs. democracy; intraparty opposition; vs. Kautsky; and leader charisma; Leninism opposed to; in Lenin’s Politburo; revisionism and; Stalin’s enemy; Their Morals and Ours
truth; anti-anti-utopianism; The Black Book of Communism; Bukharin; Communist “moral elite,”; dissidents; ethnocentric nationalism’s irrelevance of; Fascist; Gorbachev; historical; ideological states; Leninist; living in; Marxist; party’s special access to; Pope John Paul II’s “The Splendor of Truth,”; post-Communism; “reconciliation without,”; re-empowering; revolutionary; Secret Speech and. See also falsification; morality
Tucker, Robert C.: Bolshevism’s deradicalization; Bukharin; Leninism; philosophy and myth; pre-Gorbachev Soviet Union; reversion; show trials; Stalin
Tudjman, Franjo
Tudor, Corneliu Vadim
Tudoran, Dorin
Țugui, Pavel
tyrannies of certitude
tyrannies of corruption
Übermensch
Ukraine: “competitive authoritarianism,”; Holocaust impacts; radical-authoritarian trends
l’univers concentrationnaire
Urban, George; Communist Reformation; Stalinism
Urban, Jan
ur-Fascism
ur-Leninism
Urválek, Josef
USSR. See Soviet Union
utopia; anti-anti-utopianism; Communist Manifesto and; enduring magnetism of; Fascist; ideology and; intellectuals in frantic search for; West and. See also Communist utopia; eschatology; redemptive mythologies; salvationism
Vajda, Mihaly
vanguard party; Gorbachev and; Lenin and; Mlynář and. See also Bolshevism; Communist Party
van Ree, Erik
Velikhov, Evgeny
“velvet counterrevolution,”
“velvet revolutions” (1989). See also revolutions (1989-91), Eastern and Central Europe
Vietnam: North; War
Villa-Vicencio, Charles
violence: Communist; Fascist; sanctified by Communism and Fascism;
World War I. See also class struggle; murder; terror
Voegelin, Eric
voluntarism: Leninist; Marxist
Voronov, Ivan
Voznesensky, Andrei
Vranicki, Predrag
Vyshinsky, Andrei
Walęsa, Lech
Walicki, Andzej
Walker, Rachel
Wallach, Erica Glaser
Warsaw Pact
Wat, Aleksander Way, Lucan
Weber, Eugen: archangelic revolution; comparing totalitarianisms; Fascism; My France
Weber, Max
Weil, Nicolas
Weitz, Eric
Werth, Nicolas
West: anti-Fascism; Communist parties; Communist “separate-ness” from; crisis of self-confidence; democracy; and democratization of Eastern and Central Europe; dissident movement; humanism; law of political synchronization; Marxism; New Left; post-Marxism; sixty-eighters; social democracy; and utopia
who-whom principle (kto-kogo)
Wielgohs, Jan
Wieworka, Annette
Wing, Betsy World Marxist Review
World War I; aftermath; nationalism during
World War II; aftermath; Merker; Nazi defeat; Romanian party’s Moscow émigré center; Russianization of Stalinism
Xoxe, Koçi
Yakovlev, Alexander; A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia; Gorbachev and; and Leninism; “new thinking,”; social utopias; Stalinism as “Bolshevism of the extreme right,”
Yaroslavsky, Yemelyan
Yeats, W. B., The Second Coming
Yeltsin, Boris
Yugoslavia; Communist League of; Communist Party; disintegration; ethnocentric nationalism; Marxist theorists; Milosevic-style expansionist chauvinism; problematic exit from state socialism; secession wars; Simic on; Tito
Zambrowski, Roman
Zetkin, Clara
Zhdanov, Andrei/Zhdanovism; contract of silence; vs. Jews; vs. purges based on class origin; Revai implementing; Romanian version; “two-camp theory,”
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir
Zhivkov, Todor
Zinoviev, Grigory; Severnaya kommuna
Zinovyev, Aleksandr
Zionism
Žižek, Slavoj
Zoshchenko, Mikhail
Zubok, Vladimir
Zweig, Stefan
Zyuganov, Gennady
Copyright
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University of California Press
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© 2012 by The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tismaneanu, Vladimir.
The devil in history : communism, fascism, and some lessons of the twentieth century / Vladimir Tismaneanu.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-520-23972-2 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Communist state—History. 2. Communism—History—20th century. 3. Fascism—History—20th century. 4. Totalitarianism—History—20th century. I. Title.
JC474.T497 2012
335.43—dc23
2012012796
Manufactured in the United States of America
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Rolland Enviro100, a 100 percent postconsumer fiber paper that is FSC certified, deinked, processed chlorine-free, and manufactured with renewable biogas energy. It is acid-free and EcoLogo certified.