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28. Molly Crockett (2009), ‘Values, Empathy, and Fairness across Social Barriers’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167, 76–86.

29. L. N. Trut, I. Z. Plyusnina and I. N. Oskina (2004), ‘An experiment on fox domestication and debatable issues of evolution of the dog’, Russian Journal of Genetics, 40, 644–55.

30. This is known as the James–Lange theory after Carl Lange developed William James’s initial proposal.

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31. This alternative to the James–Lange theory was the Cannon–Bard theory after W. B. Cannon (1929), ‘The James–Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and alternative theory’, American Journal of Psychology, 39, 106–24.

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32. Joseph LeDoux (1998), The Emotional Brain, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

33. S. Schacter and J. E. Singer (1962), ‘Cognitive, social and psychological determinants of emotional state’, Psychological Review, 69, 379–99.

34. Ian Pento-Voak, Jamie Thomas, Suzanne Gage, Mary McMurran, Sarah McDonald and Marcus Munafo (2013), ‘Increasing recognition of happiness in ambiguous facial expressions reduces anger and aggressive behavior’, Psychological Science, 24, 688–97.

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38. Dean Jensen (2006), The Lives and Loves of Daisy and Violet Hilton: A True Story of Conjoined Twins, Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press.

39. Judith Rich Harris (2006), No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality, W. W. Norton.

40. Guttal et al. (2012), ‘Cannibalism can drive the evolution of behavioural phase polyphenism in locusts’, Ecology Letters, 15, 1158–66.

41. David Sheldon Cohen, A. J. Tyrrell and Andrew P. Smith (1991), ‘Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold’, New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 606–12.

42. S. W. Cole, L. C. Hawkley, J. M. Arevalo, C. Y. Sung, R. M. Rose and J. T. Cacioppo (2007), ‘Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes’, Genome Biology, 8, R189.

43. Steve W. Cole (2009), ‘Social regulation of human gene expression’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 132–7.

44. R. Simmons and R. Altwegg (2010), ‘Necks-for-sex or competing browsers? A critique of ideas on the evolution of the giraffe’, Journal of Zoology, 282, 6–12.

45. F. A. Champagne, D. D. Francis, A. Mar and M. J. Meaney (2003), ‘Naturally-occurring variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on the development of individual differences in stress reactivity’, Physiology & Behavior, 79, 359–71.

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47. M. J. Meaney (2001), ‘The development of individual differences in behavioral and endocrine responses to stress’, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 1161–92.

48. P. O. McGowan, M. Suderman, A. Sasaki, T. C. Huang, M. Hallett, M. J. Meaney et al. (2011), ‘Broad epigenetic signature of maternal care in the brain of adult rats’, PLoS ONE, 6, e14739.

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50. Marilyn J. Essex, W. Tom Boyce, Clyde Hertzman, Lucia L. Lam, Jeffrey M. Armstrong, Sarah M. Neumann and Michael S. Kobor (2013), ‘Epigenetic Vestiges of early developmental adversity: Childhood stress exposure and DNA methylation in adolescence’, Child Development, 84, 58–75.

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55. Ed Yong (2010), ‘Dangerous DNA: The truth about the “warrior gene” ’, New Scientist, 7 April 2010.

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CHAPTER 4

1.   E. Macphail (1982), Brain and Intelligence in Vertebrates, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.

2.   R. A. Barton and C. Venditti (2013), ‘Human frontal lobes are not relatively large’, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110, 9001–6.

3.   Jeffrey Rogers et al. (2010), ‘On the genetic architecture of cortical folding and brain volume in primates’, NeuroImage, 53, 1103–8.

4.   Kate Teffer and Katerina Semendeferi (2012), ‘Human prefrontal cortex: Evolution, development, and pathology’ in M. A. Hofman and D. Falk (eds), Progress in Brain Research, vol. 195, Elsevier.

5.   J. Hill, T. Inder, J. Neil, D. Dierker, J. Harwell and D. Van Essen (2010), ‘Similar patterns of cortical expansion during human development and evolution’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 13135–40.

6.   Xiling Liu, Mehmet Somel, Lin Tang et al. (2012), ‘Extension of cortical synaptic development distinguishes humans from chimpanzees and macaques’, Genome Research published online 2 February 2012: doi:10.1101/gr.127324.111

7.   Robert W. Thatcher (1992), ‘Cyclic cortical reorganization during early childhood’, Brain and Cognition, 20, 24–50.

8.   G. Kochanska, K. C. Coy, and K. T. Murray (2001), ‘The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life’, Child Development, 72, 1091–111.

9.   Dan Gilbert (2007), Stumbling Upon Happiness, Perennial.

10. W. A. Roberts (2002), ‘Are animals stuck in time?’, Psychological Bulletin, 128, 473–89.