50. Judith M. Burkart, Ernst Fehr, Charles Efferson and Carel P. van Schaik (2007), ‘Other-regarding preferences in a non-human primate: Common marmosets provision food altruistically’, Proceedings of the National Academy, 104, 19762–6.
51. A. Ueno and T. Matsuzawa (2004), ‘Food transfer between chimpanzee mothers and their infants’, Primates, 45, 231–9.
52. William T. Harbaugh, Ulrich Mayr and Daniel R. Burghart (2007), ‘Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations’, Science, 316, 1622–5.
53. Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter (2002), ‘Altruistic punishment in humans’, Nature, 415, 137–40.
54. W. Guth, R. Schmittberger and B. Schwarze (1982), ‘An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining’, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 3, 367–88.
55. A. G. Sanfey, J. K. Rilling, J. A. Aronson, L. E. Nystrom and J. D. Cohen (2003), ‘The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game’, Science, 300, 1755–8.
56. D. Knoch, A. Pascual-Leone, K. Meyer, V. Treyer and E. Fehr (2006), ‘Diminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex’, Science, 314, 829–32.
57. K. Jensen, J. Call and M. Tomasello (2007), ‘Chimpanzees are maximizers in an ultimatum game’, Science, 318, 107–9.
58. Sarah F. Brosnan and Frans de Waal (2003), ‘Monkeys reject unequal pay’, Nature, 425, 297–9.
59. J. Bräuer, J. Call and M. Tomasello (2006), ‘Are apes really inequity averse?’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273, 3123–8.
60. Dan Ariely (2008), Predictably Irrational, New York: HarperCollins.
61. John Nash (1951), ‘Non-cooperative Games’, Annals of Mathematics, 54, 286–95.
62. Richard Dawkins (1976), The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press.
63. C. Adami and A. Hintze, ‘Evolutionary instability of zero determinant strategies demonstrates that winning is not everything’, Nature Communications, 4, 2193. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3193 (2013).
64. Paul Slovic (2007), ‘ “If I look at the mass I will never act”: Psychic numbing and genocide’, Judgement and Decision Making, 2, 79–95.
65. Karen E. Jenni and George Loewenstein (1997), ‘Explaining the “Identifiable victim effect” ’, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 14, 235–57.
66. D. Västfjäll, E. Peters and P. Slovic (in preparation), ‘Representation, affect, and willingness-to-donate to children in need’, unpublished manuscript.
67. Leon R. Kass (1997), ‘The Wisdom of Repugnance’, The New Republic, 216, 17–26.
68. Jesse Bering (2013), Perv: The Sexual Deviant in All of Us, Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
69. Jonathan Haidt (2001), ‘The emotional dog and its rational taiclass="underline" A social intuitionist approach to moral judgement’, Psychological Review, 108: 814–34.
70. J. Thomson (1985), ‘The Trolley Problem’, Yale Law Journal, 94, 1395–1415.
71. J. D. Greene, R. B. Sommerville, L. E. Nystrom, J. M. Darley and J. D. Cohen (2001), ‘An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgement’, Science, 293, 2105–8.
72. William B. Swann, Jr., Ángel Gómez, John F. Dovidio, Sonia Hart and Jolanda Jetten (2010), ‘Dying and killing for one’s group: Identity fusion moderates responses to intergroup versions of the trolley problem’, Psychological Science, 21, 1176–83.
73. Joshua Greene (2007), ‘The secret joke of Kant’s soul’, in W. Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), Moral Psychology, Vol. 3: The Neuroscience of Morality: Emotion, Disease, and Development, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
74. Jean Piaget (1932/1965). The Moral Judgement of the Child, New York: Free Press.
75. Lawrence Kohlberg (1963), ‘Development of children’s orientation towards a moral order (Part I). Sequencing in the development of moral thought’, Vita Humana, 6, 11–36.
76. B. M. DePaulo and D. A. Kashy (1998), ‘Everyday lies in close and casual relationships’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 63–79.
77. B. M. DePaulo, D. A. Kashy, S. E. Kirkendol, M. M. Wyer and J. A. Epstein (1996), ‘Lying in everyday life’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 979–95.
78. William von Hippel and Robert Trivers (2011), ‘The evolution and psychology of self-deception’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34, 1–56.
79. Robert Trivers (1976), Foreword, in R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, pp. 19–20.
80. M. D. Alicke and C. Sedikides (2009), ‘Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do’, European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 1–48.
81. Tali Sharot (2012), The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain, London: Vintage.
82. C. Ward Struthers, Judy Eaton, Alexander G. Santelli, Melissa Uchiyama and Nicole Shirvani (2008), ‘The effects of attributions of intent and apology on forgiveness: When saying sorry may not help the story’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 983–92.
83. S. Harris, S. A. Sheth and M. S. Cohen (2007), ‘Functional Neuroimaging of belief, disbelief and uncertainty’, Annals of Neurology, 63, 141–7.
84. M. Main and C. George (1985), ‘Responses of young abused and disadvantaged toddlers to distress in age mates’, Developmental Psychology, 21, 407–12.
85. S. Johnson, C. S. Dweck and F. Chen (2007), ‘Evidence for infants’ internal working models of attachment’, Psychological Science, 18, 501–2.
CHAPTER 6
1. Shane Bauer, ‘Solitary in Iran nearly broke me. Then I went inside America’s prisons’, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/10/solitary-confinement-shane-bauer, Mother Jones, December 2012, retrieved October 2013.
2. Nelson Mandela (1994), Long Walk to Freedom, London: Little Brown, p. 52.
3. Reuters, ‘U.S. Bureau of Prisons to review solitary confinement’, http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2013/02/04/us/04reuters-usa-prisons-solitary.html?ref=solitaryconfinement, New York Times, February 2013, retrieved February 2013.
4. Joshua Foer and Michel Siffre (2008), ‘Caveman: An Interview with Michel Siffre’, http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/30/foer.php, Cabinet Magazine, 1ssue 30.
5. Michel Siffre, ‘Six Months Alone in a Cave,’ National Geographic (March 1975), 426–435.
6. J. S. House, K. R. Landis and D. Umberson (1988), ‘Social relationships and health’, Science, 241, 540–45.
7. John T. Cacioppo, James H. Fowler and Nicholas A. Christakis (2009), ‘Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 977–91.
8. Charles Darwin (1872), The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, London: John Murray.
9. J. M. Susskind et al. (2008), ‘Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition’, Nature Neuroscience, 11, 843–50.
10. V. Gallese, L. Fadiga, L. Fogassi and G. Rizzolatti (1996), ‘Action recognition in the premotor cortex’, Brain, 119, 593–609.