1. Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 57–8, 40–4. • 2. Anna Komnene, VII.6, p. 199. • 3. Ibid. • 4. Anna Komnene, VII.7, p. 202; VIII.3, p. 220. • 5. Anna Komnene, VI.10, p. 174. • 6. Michael the Syrian, 3, pp. 172ff; Mélikoff, Danismend, 2, p. 88. • 7. Anna Komnene, VII.8, p. 202. • 8. Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 220. • 9. R. Macrides, ‘Poetic justice in the Patriarchate: murder and cannibalism in the provinces’, in L. Burgmann, M. Fögen, A. Schmink (eds.), Cupido Legum (Frankfurt, 1985), pp. 144–5. There is no detailed internal evidence to help date the poem more precisely than on stylistic grounds to the eleventh/ twelfth centuries. However, the references to chronic food shortage, severe winter and the desperate measures of the population certainly resonate with the early 1090s. • 10. Anna Komnene, VII.8, pp. 202–3. • 11. Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 220. • 12. John the Oxite, p. 35. Also P. Frankopan, ‘Where Advice meets Criticism in 11th Century Byzantium: Theophylact of Ohrid, John the Oxite and their (re)presentations to the Emperor’, Al-Masaq 20 (2008), pp. 71–88. • 13. John the Oxite, p. 35. • 14. Ibid., pp. 29–35. • 15. J. Shepard, ‘How St James the Persian’s head was brought to Cormery: A relic collector around the time of the First Crusade’, in L. Hoffmann (ed.), Zwischen Polis, Provinz und Peripherie. Beiträge zur byzantinsichen Geschichte und Kultur (Wiesbaden, 2005), p. 298. • 16. For example, Robert the Monk, I.1, pp. 79–80. • 17. C. Haskins, ‘A Canterbury monk at Constantinople c.1090’, English Historical Review 25 (1910), pp. 293–5; Ciggaar, ‘Description de Constantinople’, pp. 118–20. • 18. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, pp. 133–6. • 19. See, most recently, P. Schreiner, ‘Der Brief des Alexios I Komnenos an den Grafen Robert von Flandern und das Problem gefälschter byzantinischer Kaiserschreiben in den westlichen Quellen’, in G. de Gregorio and O. Kresten (eds.), Documenti medievali Greci e Latini. Studi Comparativi (Spoleto, 1998), pp. 111–40; C. Gastgeber, ‘Das Schreiben Alexios’ I. Komnenos an Robert I. von Flandern. Sprachliche Untersuchung’, in ibid., pp. 141–85; C. Sweetenham, ‘Two letters calling Christians on Crusade’, in Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 215–18. • 20. See, for example, M. de Waha, ‘La lettre d’Alexis Comnène à Robert Ier le Frison’, Byzantion 47 (1977), pp. 113–25; J. Shepard, ‘Aspects of Byzantine attitudes and policy towards the West in the 10th and 11th centuries’, Byzantinische Forschungen 13 (1988), pp. 106–12. • 21. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, p. 132. • 22. Ibid. • 23. Hagenmeyer, Epistulae, p. 141; John the Oxite, pp. 37–47. • 24. Anna Komnene, X.5, pp. 273–4. • 25. Shepard, ‘How St James the Persian’s head was brought to Cormery’, p. 299. • 26. Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 19–21, 34–8, 42–4, 57–8, 81. • 27. Ibid., pp. 84–90. • 28. Ibid., p. 81. • 29. For the Turk’s footwear, Anna Komnene, IX.1, p. 237. • 30. Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 82–3. • 31. Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 220. • 32. Matthew of Edessa, II.90, pp. 157–8. • 33. Anna Komnene, VI.12, p. 179. • 34. Jami’al-Tawarikh, p. 62. • 35. Al-Fath ibn ‘Ali al-Bundari, Zubdat al-nusra wa-nukhbat al-‘ursa, ed. M. Houtsma (Leiden, 1889), p. 63. • 36. Ibn al-Atir, AH 485/1092–1093, pp. 258–9. • 37. Gautier, ‘Synode des Blachernes’, pp. 218–19. • 38. Jus Graeco-Romanum, 1, pp. 35–61. • 39. P. Gautier, ‘Jean l’Oxite, patriarche d’Antioche: notice biographique’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 22 (1964), pp. 136–8. • 40. The towns were taken by the Turks fourteen years after Alexios became emperor. Michael the Syrian, VI.6, vol. 3, pp. 178ff. • 41. Gesta Francorum, IV, p. 25. • 42. Ibid., p. 26. • 43. William of Tyre, III.1, 1, p. 197. • 44. Anna Komnene, XI.2, p. 300. • 45. John the Oxite, p. 35. • 46. Anna Komnene, VIII.7, p. 229. • 47. Anna Komnene, VI.10, pp. 172–3. • 48. Ibid., p. 172; Ibn al-Athir, AH 487/ Dec. 1093–Dec. 1094, p. 271. • 49. Anna Komnene, VI.11, p. 176. • 50. Ibid. • 51. Anna Komnene, VI,11, p. 177. • 52. See, for example, J. Haldon, ‘Theory and practice in tenth-century military administration. Chapters 11, 44 and 45 of the Book of Ceremonies’, Travaux et Mémoires 13 (2000), pp. 201–352. • 53. Anna Komnene, VI.10, p. 175. • 54. Ibid. • 55. Anna Komnene, VI.12. ii–iii, p. 178. • 56. Anna Komnene, VI.12, p. 180. • 57. Ibid. • 58. For the size of Kilidj Arslan’s army in 1097, see, for example, Fulcher of Chartres, I.11. vi, p. 85. • 59. Fulcher of Chartres, I.9.iv–v, p. 80. • 60. Gesta Francorum, II, p. 14. • 61. For example, H. Ahrweiler, ‘L’administration militaire de la Crète byzantine’, Byzantion 31 (1961), pp. 217–28; P. Gautier, ‘Défection et soumission de la Crète sous Alexis Ier Comnène’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 35 (1977), pp. 215–27; A. Savvides, ‘Can we refer to a concerted action among Rapsomates, Caryces and the emir Tzachas between AD 1091 and 1093?’, Byzantion 70 (2000), pp. 122–34. • 62. Anna Komnene states that her uncle had been governor of Dyrrakhion for eleven years before he was recalled to lead an expedition against western Asia Minor, VII.8, p. 206. Given that Dyrrakhion fell to the Normans in 1082 and was only recovered the following year, the soonest Doukas can have been given command of the efforts against Çaka was 1094. See P. Frankopan, ‘The imperial governors of Dyrrakhion during the reign of the emperor Alexios I Komnenos’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 26 (2002), pp. 89–90. • 63. Miklosich and Müller, 6, pp. 82–3. • 64. Anna Komnene, VII.8, pp. 202–6; IX.1, pp. 238–40; IX.3, pp. 242–4; XI.5, pp. 309–12. • 65. Anna Komnene, XI.5, p. 309. • 66. Richard of Cluny, Chronicon, in L. Muratori (ed.), Antiquitates Italicae, 4, col. 1250.
1. John the Oxite, pp. 29, 35. • 2. John Zonaras, XVIII.29, 3, pp. 766–7. Zonaras himself fell foul of the Komnenoi, being exiled in the mid-twelfth century after being the highest-ranked judge in the empire. • 3