. For the grants to Melissenos, Anna Komnene, III.4, p. 87; John Zonaras, XVIII.21, 3, p. 732; also N. Oikonomides (ed.), Archives de l’Athos: Actes de Docheiariou (Paris, 1984), p. 76. For Adrian, Actes de Lavra, 1, pp. 247–51. • 4. L. Petit, ‘Typikon du monastère de la Kosmosoteira près d’Aenos’, Izvestiya Russkogo Arkheologicheskogo Instituta v Konstantinopole 13 (1908), pp. 19–75. • 5. Frankopan, ‘Imperial governors of Dyrrakhion’, pp. 65–103. • 6. Anna Komnene, VI.9, p. 171. • 7. Michael Taronites and Nikephoros Melissenos, two more of the emperor’s brothers-in-law, were also awarded high titles and honours, as were many members of the Doukas family. Anna Komnene, III.4, p. 87. These awards are well attested in other sources, not least the lead seals issued by these individuals, e.g. Zacos and Veglery, Byzantine Lead Seals, nos. 2698 and 2720 (d). For the Doukas family, see D. Polemis, The Doukai (London, 1968). For the full prosopography of the Komnenoi, see K. Barzos, He Genealogia ton Komnenon, 2 vols. (Thessaloniki, 1984). • 8. See, for example, A. Kazhdan, L’aristocracia bizantina dal principio dell’ XI alla fine del XII secolo (Palermo, 1997), pp. 141–6; J.-C. Cheynet, Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance 963–1210 (Paris, 1990), pp. 359ff; P. Magdalino, ‘Innovations in Government’, in M. Mullett and D. Smythe (eds.), Alexios I Komnenos – Papers (Belfast, 1996), pp. 146–66. • 9. P. Frankopan, ‘Kinship and the distribution of power in Komnenian Byzantium’, English Historical Review 495 (2007), pp. 10–13. • 10. Anna Komnene, IV.4, p. 114. For his small stature, II.4, p. 58. • 11. Ibid., p. 115; VI.13, pp. 181–2. • 12. Anna Komnene, V.5, pp. 140–1. • 13. Actes de Lavra, 1, nos. 44–5, 48–9 (1083; 1084; 1086; 1089). • 14. For Aliphas, Anna Komnene IV.6, pp. 122–3. • 15. Theophylact of Ohrid, p. 114; Anna Komnene, VI.13, p. 182. • 16. Manuel Straboromanos, pp. 183–5. • 17. Diegesis merike ton epistolon Alexiou basileios kai Nicholaou Patriarchou genomene kata diaphorous kairous, in P. Meyer (ed.), Die Haupturkunden für die Geschichte der Athos-Klöster (Leipzig, 1894), p. 172. • 18. John Zonaras, XVIII.22, 3, p. 738. • 19. Anna Komnene, III.10, p. 102. • 20. Anna Komnene, V.2, pp. 131–2. J. Stephanou, ‘Le procès de Léon de Chalcédoine’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 9 (1943), pp. 5–64; V. Grumel, ‘L’affaire de Léon de Chalcédoine, le Chrysobulle d’Alexis Ier sur les objets sacrés’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 2 (1944), pp. 126–33. • 21. John the Oxite, p. 33. • 22. John Zonaras, VIII.22, 3, p. 732. • 23. John the Oxite, esp. p. 33; also pp. 29, 31, 35. • 24. Actes de Lavra, I, no. 50; Actes de Docheiariou, no. 2; D. Papachryssanthou (ed.), Actes de Xénophon (Paris, 1986), no. 2; J. Lefort, N. Oikonomides and D. Papachryssanthou (eds.), Actes d’Iviron, 2 vols. (Paris, 1985–90), 2, pp. 28–9. • 25. Anna Komnene, IX.2, pp. 240–1. The cause of the revolt can be deduced from the appointment of an official with specific tax responsibilities after authority was eventually restored. Anna Komnene, IX.2, p. 242. See P. Frankopan, ‘Challenges to imperial authority in Byzantium: Revolts on Crete and Cyprus at the end of the 11th Century’, Byzantion 74 (2004), pp. 382–402. • 26. Anna Komnene, VII.8, p. 206; VIII.7, p. 229. • 27. Anna Komnene, IV.2, p. 111. • 28. For example, Dandolo, Chronica brevis, p. 363; L. Lanfranchi (ed.), Famiglia Zusto (Venice, 1955), 6, 9, nos. 1–2. • 29. Although the two oldest copies of the original grant state that concessions were awarded in May 1092, modern scholars have dismissed this on the grounds that a date in the mid-1080s seems to them more appropriate – although the palaeographic, textual and contextual grounds for this are highly questionable. Great store too is set by the positioning of the report of the grant in the Alexiad, even though this is clearly misplaced. For a full discussion here, see T. Madden, ‘The chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: The date and the debate’, Journal of Medieval History 28 (2002), pp. 23–41, and P. Frankopan, ‘Byzantine trade privileges to Venice in the eleventh century: The chrysobull of 1092’, Journal of Medieval History 30 (2004), pp. 135–60. • 30. M. Pozza and G. Ravegnani, I Trattati con Bisanzio 992–1198 (Venice, 1993), pp. 38–45. • 31. Ibid., pp. 39–40. • 32. Ibid., p. 43. • 33. Ibid, pp. 40–3. • 34. Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta, p. 217. Dandolo does not say why the patriarch was in Constantinople in 1092, only that he died there from fever. • 35. Anna Komnene, VI.7, pp. 166–7; VI.3, p. 156. • 36. Anna Komnene, VII.3, p. 194. • 37. Pozza and Ravegnani, Trattati con Bisanzio, pp. 42–3. • 38. Katakalon Kekaumenos, 81, p. 278. • 39. Anna Komnene, III.10, p. 103. • 40. For the birth of Alexios’ heir, John II, as well as the emperor’s other children, A. Kazhdan, ‘Die Liste der Kinder des Alexios I in einer Moskauer Handschrift (UBV 53/147)’, in R. Stiehl and H. Stier (eds.), Beiträge zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1969–70), 2, pp. 233–7. John’s coronation, and its date, can be deduced from A. Spinelli (ed.), Regii neapolitani archivi monumenta edita ac illustrata, 6 vols. (Naples, 1845–61), 5, nos. 457–8, 462, 464–7. • 41. Anna Komnene, VIII.7–8, pp. 229–32. • 42. Anna Komnene, VI.8, p. 168. • 43. Geoffrey Malaterra, III.13, p. 64; Michael the Syrian, 3, p. 176; Bar Hebraeus, 1, p. 227. • 44. Anna Komnene, IX.6, p. 248. • 45. Ibid., p. 250. • 46. Anna Komnene, IX.5, p. 247. • 47. Anna Komnene, IX.7, p. 252. • 48. Anna Komnene, IX.8, pp. 253–4. • 49. Ibid., p. 253, and III.2, p. 81. • 50. Anna Komnene, IX.6, p. 254. • 51. Adrian and Nikephoros reminisced about this when the former was sent to investigate the rumours that Diogenes was plotting against the emperor. Anna Komnene, IX.7, pp. 252–3. • 52. Adrian had become a monk and went by the name of John when he died. B. de Montfaucon, Paleographia Graeca (Paris, 1708), p. 47. For his role in the conspiracy, and the consequences for his family, Frankopan, ‘Kinship and the distribution of power’, pp. 1–34. • 53. For example, Anna Komnene, VIII.3, p. 219; VIII.8, p. 232. For Melissenos, see Frankopan, ‘The Fall of Nicaea’, pp. 153–84. • 54. Melissenos appears only once again before his death, on campaign against the Cumans: Anna Komnene, X.2, p. 264. Alexios often preferred not to leave his rivals in Constantinople but to take them on expedition with him – so he could keep a close eye on them. Almost all the leading figures in Byzantium accompanied the emperor against the Normans in 1081; and of course they were with him during his mission against the Serbs in 1094. • 55. Anna Komnene, III.4, p. 87. • 56. Anna Komnene, XI.10, p. 325; XIII.1, p. 357. • 57. Anna Komnene, IX.8, p. 254. • 58. Ibid. • 59. Anna Komnene, IX.6, p. 250. • 60. Anna Komnene, IX.8, p. 254. • 61. Anna Komnene, IX.9, pp. 255–6. • 62. Ibid., p. 256. • 63. Ibid., pp. 256–7. • 64. Ibid., p. 257. The author is coy about whether her father ordered the blinding of Nikephoros Diogenes. • 65. Anna Komnene, IX.1, p. 237. • 66. Anna Komnene, XV.11, p. 465. • 67. Anna Komnene, IX.2, p. 242; E. Sargologos, La Vie de saint Cyrille le Philéote, moine byzantin (Part 1110) (Brussels, 1964), pp. 35.i–viii, 146–53. • 68. For their careers, see B. Skoulatos, Les personnages byzantins de l’Alexiade: analyse prosopographique et synthèse (Louvain, 1980), pp. 160–1, 85–7. • 69. Anna Komnene, X.9, pp. 286–8; John Zonaras, XVIII.22, 3, p. 739. • 70. Gesta Francorum, IV, pp. 25–6. • 71. Anna Komnene, XI.10, p. 323. • 72. Anna Komnene, XI.3, p. 305. • 73. Anna Komnene, XI.3, pp. 304–5; XI.5, pp. 309–12. • 74. Anna Komnene, VII.8, p. 203; IX.1, p. 238; IX.3, p. 242. • 75. Anna Komnene, X.2, p. 264. For Melissenos’ death, Peter Lambecius, Commentariorum de Augustissima Biblioteca Caesarea Vindobonensi, 8 vols. (Vienna, 1665–79), 5, col. 537. Also see D. Papachryssanthou, ‘La date de la mort du sébastokrator Isaac Comnène’, Revue des Etudes Byzantines 21 (1963), p. 252. • 76. Anna Komnene, X.2–4, pp. 262–73; The Russian Primary Chronicle, tr. S. Cross, and O. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), p. 180. • 77. Anna Komnene, XI.2, p. 300.