The First Crusade: The Call from the East

11 The Crusade Unravels

1. Albert of Aachen, V.45, p. 402. • 2. Ralph of Caen, 120, pp. 136–7; Baldric of Dol, IV.12, p. 100; Albert of Aachen, VI.2, p. 406. • 3. Raymond of Aguilers, XIV, p. 119. • 4. Gesta Francorum, X, pp. 88–9; Albert of Aachen, VI.5, p. 410; Raymond of Aguilers, XIV, pp. 119–20. • 5. France, Victory in the East, pp. 122–42. • 6. Fulcher of Chartres, I.27.iv, p. 119. • 7. Albert of Aachen, VI.6, pp. 410–12. Also Gesta Francorum, X, p. 89; Raymond of Aguilers, XIV, p. 118. • 8. Fulcher of Chartres, I.26.i, p. 116. • 9. Gesta Francorum, X, p. 89. • 10. Raymond of Aguilers, XIII, p. 114. • 11. Albert of Aachen, VI.8, pp. 412–14. • 12. Gesta Francorum, X, p. 90; Raymond of Aguilers, XIV, p. 124. • 13. Raymond of Aguilers, XIV, pp. 124–5; Ralph of Caen, 125, pp. 140–2; Gesta Francorum, X, p. 90. • 14. Albert of Aachen, VI.10, p. 416; Ralph of Caen, 124, pp. 139–40. • 15. Gesta Francorum, X, pp. 91–2; Ibn al-Athir, AH 492/Dec. 1098–Dec. 1099, p. 21. • 16. Gesta Francorum, X, pp. 79–80. • 17. Raymond of Aguilers, XIV, p. 127. • 18. Gesta Francorum, X, p. 92. • 19. Fulcher of Chartres, I.27.xiii, p. 122. • 20. B. Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the First Crusade’, Crusades 3 (2004), pp. 15–75. • 21. Ibn al-Athir, AH 492/Dec. 1098–Dec. 1099, p. 21. • 22. S. Goitein, ‘Contemporary letters on the capture of Jerusalem’, Journal of Jewish Studies 3 (1952), pp. 162–77. • 23. Fulcher of Chartres, I.28.i, p. 122. • 24. Fulcher of Chartres, I.29.i, p. 123. • 25. S. Goitein, ‘Tyre–Tripoli–‘Arqa: Geniza documents from the beginning of the Crusade period’,

Jewish Quarterly Review 66 (1975), pp. 69–88. • 26. Raymond of Aguilers, XIV, p. 128, citing Isaiah 65:17, Psalms 118:24. • 27. Naser-e Khusraw’s Book of Travels (Safarnama), tr. W. Thackston (New York, 1986), p. 21. Many pilgrim guides were written in this period for Muslim visitors to Jerusalem, a good example being that of Ibn al-Murajja, written in the first part of the eleventh century. E. Amikam, Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship (Leiden, 1995), pp. 68–78. • 28. M. Gil, A History of Palestine, 634–1099 (Cambridge, 1997), p. 191, n. 67. • 29. M-L. Favreau-Lilie, Die Italiener im Heiligen Land vom ersten Kreuzzug bis zum Tode Heinrichs von Champagne (1098–1197) (Amsterdam, 1988). • 30. Barber and Bate, Letters, p. 24; William of Tyre, IV.24, 1, pp. 267–8. Also note Gesta Francorum,VI, pp. 37–8; Raymond of Aguilers, V, pp. 40–1. • 31. Fulcher of Chartres, I.31.i–xii, pp. 125–8; P. Tudebode, pp. 146–7; Albert of Aachen, VI.45–50, pp. 464–70. • 32. Barber and Bate, Letters,, pp. 37–8. • 33. For the expedition of 1101, Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 120–34. • 34. Albert of Aachen, VII.20, p. 512; Fulcher of Chartres, I.36.i, p. 136; Matthew of Edessa, II.132, p. 176. • 35. Bohemond’s capture, Fulcher of Chartres, I.35.iii, p. 135; Albert of Aachen, VII.29, p. 526; Matthew of Edessa, II.134, p. 177. • 36. See. A. Murray, ‘Daimbert of Pisa, the Domus Godefridi and the Accession of Baldwin I of Jerusalem’, in From Clermont to Jerusalem, pp. 81–102. • 37. Albert of Aachen, X.30, p. 528. • 38. William of Tyre, VI.23, I, p. 340. For John’s flight, ibid.; Orderic Vitalis, X.24, 5, p. 356. • 39. Fulcher of Chartres, II.3.xiii, p. 143. • 40. Albert of Aachen, VII.43, p. 550. For Godfrey’s burial, VII.21, p. 516. • 41. Albert of Aachen, VII.46–51, pp. 554–60. • 42. Albert of Aachen, VII.57, p. 566; for his service to the emperor, IX.6, p. 644. Also see here Shepard, ‘The “muddy road” of Odo Arpin’, pp. 11–28. • 43. Albert of Aachen, IX.1–6, pp. 638–44; Fulcher of Chartres, II.15.i–vi, pp. 163–4; Anna Komnene, XI.7, p. 316. • 44. The patriarch was dismissed on charges of embezzlement. Albert of Aachen, VII.62–63, p. 574. It is significant that these were made by envoys sent by Roger of Sicily, erstwhile supporter of the papacy, and of its reconciliation with Constantinople in the 1090s. This suggests that the axis of Rome–Sicily–Constantinople was working together once again. • 45. Albert of Aachen, VIII.45, p. 634. • 46. Albert of Aachen, VIII.45–48, pp. 634–6. • 47. Anna Komnene, XI.7, p. 318; Ralph of Caen, 143–4, pp. 158–60. For the chronology here see R-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096–1204, tr. J. Morris and J. Ridings (Oxford. 1993), pp. 259–76 and Ia. Liubarskii, ‘Zamechaniya k khronologii XI knigi ‘Aleksiada’ Anny Komninoi’, Vizantiiskii Vremennik 24 (1964), pp. 47–56. • 48. Anna Komnene, XI.7, p. 318; Ralph of Caen, 145, p. 160. • 49. Ralph of Caen, 147, pp. 163–4. • 50. Kemal ad-Din, p. 591. • 51. Anna Komnene, XI.9, pp. 320–1. • 52. Fulcher of Chartres, II.27.vii–viii, pp. 178–9. • 53. Ibn al-Athir, AH 497/Dec. 1103–Dec. 1104, pp. 79–80; Ibn al-Qalanisi, p. 60. Also here Fulcher of Chartres, II.27.i–viii, pp. 177–9; Matthew of Edessa, III.18, pp. 192–3; Albert of Aachen, IX.39; Ralph of Caen, 148, pp. 164–5. • 54. Ibn al-Qalanisi, p. 61. • 55. For Tancred taking possession of Edessa, Albert of Aachen, IX.42, p. 694; Fulcher of Chartres, II.27.5, p. 178; II.28, p. 180; Ralph of Caen, 151, p. 167; Matthew of Edessa, III.20, p. 194. For the Byzantine gains of 1104, Anna Komnene, XI.9–11, pp. 321–9. • 56. Albert of Aachen, IX.46, p. 700–2. • 57. Ralph of Caen, 152, pp. 168–9. • 58. Anna Komnene, XI.12, pp. 329–31.