Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Henry Holt, 1994), p. 168.
Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), p. 329.
Lev Gudkov, "Zayavleniye direktora Levada-tsentra," Levada Center, September 9, 2016, http://www.levada.ru/2016/09/09/14393/, accessed September 26, 2016.
INDEX
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A Just Russia political party, 330, 334 Abkhazia, 279-80 abortion, 42
"abortive modernization" process, 381-82, 390-91 adoption bans for Americans, 380 for same-sex couples, 408 age, and effect on personal beliefs, 65 Akhmatova, Anna, 181-82, 199 alcoholism, 121, 265 Alekseeva, Ludmila, 317-18 Alfa-Bank, 484
All-Union Public Opinion Research Center, 58-59 Amalrik, Andrei, 16-17 Andreas-Salome, Lou, 24 anti-American sentiment, 232-34 Anti-Orange Rally, 388-90. See also Orange Revolution antisemitism framed as anti-Zionism, 52, 269 in military, 361 Pamyat, 52-53
Stalin's "anti-cosmopolitan campaign," 147-48 and student admissions, 12 Arendt, Hannah, 98-99, 291-92, 295, 434 Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, 79-81 authoritarian vs. totalitarian regimes, 295, 298, 385
Baku, Azerbaijan, 81
Baltic republics, 81-82, 95
banned books, 380-81
Berkut (Ukrainian special forces), 423-24
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Freud), 469
Bikbov, Alexandre, 267-68, 345-46 Bogdanov, Andrei, 287-88
Bolotnaya Square protest, 342-47, 364-74, 390-91, 448-49, 453, 478 bribes, 251-52
Bronze Soldier monument (Tallinn), 277-78 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 83, 97, 292-93 budushchego net ("There is no future"), 308, 376n Bukharin, Nikolai, 29-30 Bush, George H. W., 125-26
Cameron, Paul, 271-72 Carlson, Allan, 264, 266 censorship of books for young people, 380-81 of history, 153-54
questioning Siege of Leningrad, 424-26 war on knowledge, 17-18 Chauprade, Aymeric, 407 Chechnya, 164, 173-74, 201-2, 480 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 110 Chirkunov, Oleg, 260-61, 399 Chukovskaya, Lidiya, 144-45 "circular guarantee" (krugovaya poruka), 288-89 civil wars and conflicts, 105-6 Clinton, Bill, 197
collapse of Soviet Union, 95, 96-99, 275, 382 Commonwealth of Independent States, 95 Communist Party criticism of, 86-88 Little Octobrists, 70-71 monopoly on power, 82 in 1950s, 36
"post-communist mafia state," Magyar on, 386-88 proposal to split, 37 retention of affiliation despite ban, 106 Yeltsin's fight against, 106,162-63 Young Pioneers, 70-71, 145 conservative ideology, 272-73 Conservative Revolution, The (Dugin), 185 constitution of Russian Federation, writing new, 106,110-15 constitution(s) of Soviet Union, 78, 82, 84-85, 105 contraception, 42
control, civic and personal, lack of, 467-69 corruption, 110-11, 287-89 coup attempt (1991), 89-93, 103-4 Crimea history of, 428
joining Russian Federation, 428 Nemtsov social media post about, 449-50 Putin speech about, 429-35 as symbol of summer and youth, 429 cultural revolution in Perm, 261-63, 399 cyberwarfare attack in Estonia, 278
cycles of oppression and liberalization in Soviet Union, 168-69
Day of Agreement and Reconciliation, 162 democracy and liberalism, 235, 383-84 Democratic Russia political movement, 82-83
Democratic Union (Demokraticheskiy Soyuz) political party, 50-51, 100
demographics, 264-67
deviant groups, reactions to, 63, 165
divorce and family relationships, 57, 99
Dobrenkov, Vladimir, 269-70, 273
documentation about mass terror, public availability of, 146-49 Donetsk, Ukraine, 443 "doublethink," 61, 63-66, 168, 297 drug crimes, 327, 468 Dubin, Boris, 203-6 Dugin, Alexander Anti-Orange Rally, 388-90 on capital punishment for pedophiles, 329 Center for Conservative Studies project, 272-73 Eurasianism, 235-37, 244-45 fascination with Hitler, 116-17 international influence, 445, 482 National Bolshevik Party, 184-86 and Pamyat, 52-54
predictions about Russia's role in world, 434-36 Russo-Georgian War, 280-81 self-education, 20-21, 49 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, statue removal, 103
Eastern Bloc, 75-76 Eberstadt, Nicholas, 264-65, 470 economy, Russia economic growth, 227, 243, 250-51 economic ruin, 105-8, 173-74,193, 195-96, 201, 444-47 See also finance education "correctional schools," 43 differences between schools, 11, 122-23 psychoanalytic preschool, 25 quotas, 12
See also Moscow State University; Perm State University
elections, 111-15, 187, 203-6, 223, 225, 238-40, 247-48, 287-89
electoral manipulation, 334-35, 348, 375-76, 384-85
envy and jealousy, 130-32
Escape from Freedom (Fromm), 299-301
Estonia, 277-78
ethnic cleansing of Crimea, 428-30
ethnicities, in Soviet Union, 77-78
ethnogenesis, 182-84
Etkind, Alexander, 142-43
Eurasianism, 236-37, 244-45
Europe and Humanity (Trubetskoy), 237
European Union, proposed partnership with Ukraine, 421
"Execution of the White House" (1993), 112-15
families adoption bans, 380, 408 divorce, 57, 99 effects of trauma, 149-51 financial incentives for procreation, 267, 376 procreation alternatives, 43, 99 punishment of, 153-58 Russian demographics, 264-67 same-sex marriage, legislation against, 407-9 therapy for, 33
World Congress of Families meetings, 266-67, 409, 444 Federation Treaty, 109-10 fifth column, 390, 432, 458 finance currency reserves, 107-8 debt default, 195-96 effects of sanctions, 445-47 incentives for procreation, 267, 376 inflation, 108-9 price controls, 108-9 stock market crash (2008), 311-12 See also wealth distribution Fomenko, Anatoli, 183-84 food supply destruction of banned foods, 446-47 legalization of private commerce, 108-10, 126-28 "Legs of Bush" chicken, 125-26 for Party elite, 118, 121 rations, 107 sanctions, 444-47 shortages, 14-15, 38 former Soviet republics, Russian attempts to control, 238-39 fortochka, as analogy for intellectual opening, 27-28, 54
Frankl, Viktor, 58 freedom, 300, 307-8. 466 Freud, Sigmund death drive, 469 influence in Russia, 25
spetskhran (limited-access collection) of case studies, 27 Fridman, Mikhail, 316, 483-84 Friedrich, Carl Joachim, 292-93
"friendship of the peoples" in Soviet Union, 72-79, 84-85 Fromm, Erich, 299-303 future pessimism about, 308 view of, under totalitarianism, 307
Gabowitsch, Mischa, 347-49
Gaddy, Clifford, 195, 203, 250. See also "virtual economy" Gaidar, Yegor, 100-101, 102, 107-10, 173 Galich, Alexander, 17, 40 "games" of negotiation with state, 64-65 Georgia (country) Rose Revolution (2003), 237-38 Russo-Georgian War (2008), 279-81 German reunification, 276-77 Gorbachev, Mikhail Central Committee leadership changes, 74-75 conflict with Boris Yeltsin, 73-74, 85 referendum on future of Soviet Union, 84-85 reforms blamed for problems, 90-91 removal from power (1991), 89-93 response to political protests, 100 and A. N. Yakovlev, 36-37, 76, 79-88, 93-94, 143-49 Gordeev, Sergei, 261 Gorky, Maxim, 13-14, 150 Gorky (city), 13-14 government, new economic concerns, 105-8 Kremlin, nationalization of, 190-91, 222 legal and political foundations, 106 moving from totalitarian to democratic, 203-6 oligarchs, 190-91 politicians, 188 Grand Failure, The (Brzezinski), 83 Great Patriotic War, 46, 70, 179, 180-81 "Greater Russia" concept, 439-40 Group for Trust Between East and West, 52 G udkov, Lev "abortive modernization," 381-82, 390-91
anti-Americanism, 232-34 definition of totalitarianism, 295-98 election research (1999), 203-6 greatest-person survey, 306-7, 481 interest in sociology, 29, 31-33 language considerations in surveys, 404 and Name of Russia contest results, 306 national identity, 166-68 public opinion surveys, 62-63, 164-65 Putin's approval rating vs. consumer perceptions, 445-46 Putin's popularity, 200-201 reactions to bombing in Serbia, 197-98 research center classified as "foreign agent," 472, 481 on Russian intervention in Crimea, 433-34 on social mobility, 299-300 wealth gap research, 129-30 Guelman, Marat, 261-62, 486 Guenon, Rene, 53-54 Gumilev, Lev, 181-84